Nutritional Management of Todays Sow Herds

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Nutritional Management of Todays Sow Herds
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• Breeding Herd Trends -
• Industry Analysis

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Sow Performance
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Sow Performance
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Sow Performance Diagnostics
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• Herd performance levels trends
• Wean to estrus interval
• Percent bred by day 7
• Farrow rate
• Replacement rate
• Litter size (total live) born
• Pig birth weight
• Litter wean weight

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• Productivity trend across parity (increasing or
  decreasing?)
• Cull rate mortality rate?
• Gilt development/feeding adequacy?
• Weight age of gilts at mating?
• Health challenge -chronic challenge vs.
  excellent health?
• Boar nutrition?

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• Existing body condition status of herd?
  (depleted vs. excellent)
• Farrowing body condition weaned body condition?
• Litter demand/milking potential?
• Consumption (appetite) levels in lactation
• Feeding strategy in farrowing
• Feeding rate -that maintains optimum condition
  in gestation? (3.75 lb/day vs. 5.5 lb/day)
• Feed usage per sow? Feed cost per pig?

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Farrowing Rate

• ACTIONS
• Lactation length
• WTEI
• Sows too thin
• Gestation crated
• Culling multiple repeaters and multiple
  discharges
• Multiple mates
• Estrus detection
• AI technique
• AI processing/hygiene
• Insemination timing
• Parity management
• Discharges? Antibiotic therapy?

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Wean-To-Estrus Interval

• ACTIONS
• Lactation length
• Parity
• Sow condition excessive lactation weight loss?
• Nutrition/diet
• WTEI feeding rate and intakes
• Boar exposure
• Parity management
• Genetic influence fertility level
• Split-wean ??

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Effect of Lactation Length On
Farrowing Efficiency
Probability of a sow farrowing,
Koketsu et al., 1998
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Feeding Nutritional Management
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Nutritional Management Challenge

• Genotypic Change
• Reduced carcass fat lower fat deposition rate
• High lean mass increased maintenance reqt
• Later maturing delayed puberty?
• Increased Production Intensity
• Shortened lactation less opportunity for
  recovery, replenishment?
• Large facility stresses
• Increased need for husbandry skills
• Heightened demand for immune competency

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Gestation
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Effect of P1 Sow Weight at Weaning On Wean to
Mating Interval
R2 0.76
Williams Mullan, 1989
RS99SOW.ppt
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Effect of Body Weight and Condition of Gilts at
First Mating on Long-term Productivity

• LW X Landrace gilts
• Crated gestation
• Five to seven parities
• Total born per litter of 11.3 (P1) to 13.3 (P4)

Result
Gilts mated between 286 to 330 lb body weight and
between 18 to 22 mm of P2 fat depth produced 7.2
more pigs over five parities than gilts mated at
less than 265 lb body weight with 14 to 16 mm of
fat depth.
Challinor, 1997
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Effect of Early Gilt Body Condition on Sow
Longevity
Sows attaining four parities ()
Backfat thickness at 220 lb (mm)
Gueblez, 1987
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Correlations Between Reproductive Traits of
Primiparous Sows
43 primiparous sows, 21 d lactation, 345 lb
weaning wt. with 17.5 mm fat depth
Whitley et al., 1998
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Implication of Fat Depth LossOver Successive
Parities
25 20 15 10
P2 backfat depth (mm)
-7.4 mm
Pregnancy 1
Pregnancy 2
Lactation
Lactation
RS99SOW.ppt
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Body Condition Management
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Response to Gestation Diet Protein and Feeding
Levels
CFI Control Feed Intake HFI Higher Feed Intake
Mahan, 1998
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Lactation
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Influence of Sow Weight Loss
in Lactation Upon Re-Breeding
Weaning-to-conception interval, (d)
Adapted from Whittemore
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Relation Between Fat Depth at Farrowing and
Weaning with Reproduction in Sows
Subsequent litter size
P2 fat depth, mm Wean to estrus, d Total born
Live Lactation, d 1 lt 12 8.5
9.1 8.5 12 to 16 6.6 11.8
10.8 gt 16 6.1 12.0 10.3 Wean, d
27 lt 10 8.1 9.9 8.9 10
to 13 6.7 11.1 9.9 gt 13
5.8 12.7 11.4
76 LW x LR sows (parity 2-6) with 9.5 pigs weaned.
Hughes, 1993
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Litter Gain, Milk YieldEnergy and Feed Intake
21-day litter wt. (lb) 148 128 108 88
17.2 14.9 12.7 10.4
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Sow Lactation Performance and Energy Needs
Performance level
Average Superior Pig wean wt. (lb)
11-12 13.5 Birth weight (lb) 3
3 Pig gain (lb) 9 10.5 Number weaned
9 10 Milk yield (lb/day) 15.5
20 Energy requirement (ME/d) Sow maintenance
(Mcal) 5.0 5.0 Milk (Mcal) 13.0 17.0 Total
(Mcal) 18.0 22.0 Feed needed (lb./day) 12.5 15
.2 Based on corn-soybean meal diet (1.45 Mcal
ME/lb).
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Metabolic Responses in Sows
Fed Ad Lib vs. Stair Step
Stair-step (d 1-7) Ad lib No.
sows 31 29 ADFI (lb) wk 1
7.4 11.2 wk 2 12.8 14.2
wk 3 13.6 14.0 Total ADFI
(lb) 198.2 234.2
23 day avg. lactation Significant difference
Richert et al., 1998
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Metabolic Responses in Sows
Fed Ad Lib vs. Stair Step
Stair-step (d 1-7) Ad lib Fat depth
loss (in), 21 d 0.12 0.13 Weight loss
(lb) 13.0 24.2 Wean to estrus (d)
5.4 5.1 NEFA (umol/l)a, d 21 404
256 Creatinine (mg/dl), d 21 1.97
1.84 Litter gain (lb) 87.2 100.9
23 day avg. lactation Significant
difference aNon-esterified fatty acids in blood
Richert et al., 1998
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Protein Status In Sows
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Relationship of Protein Intake In Lactation and
Wean-To-Estrus Interval
Summary Mullan Williams (1989) Yang
et al. (1989) King Dunkin (1986) King Dunkin
(1986) Koketsu et al. (1996) Tritton et al. (1996)
R2 0.76
Wean-to-estrus interval (d)
Daily protein intake (g/d)
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Relationship of Body Protein Loss In Lactation
and Wean-To-Estrus Interval
Summary Mullan Williams (1989) Yang
et al. (1989) King Dunkin (1986) King Dunkin
(1986) Koketsu et al. (1996) Tritton et al. (1996)
R20.52
Wean-to-estrus interval (d)
Protein loss ()
RS99SOW.ppt
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Effect of Dietary Lysine Intake During First
Lactation on Second Litter Total Born
Tritton et al., 1996
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Estimation of Total Lysine
Requirement For Lactating Sows
R2 0.77
Pettigrew, 1993
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Relationship Between Maternal Protein Loss and
Ovarian Function in Lactating First-Litter
Sows

• Twenty-five sows were fed during lactation to
  achieve three different body weight losses by
  feeding one of three different daily protein
  levels.
• Three different weight loss groups resulted which
  corresponded to Low, Medium and High protein
  loss.
• Results
• High protein loss (HPL) sows had the smallest
  follicular fluid volume, fewest large follicles
  and lowest IGF-1 concentrations in fluid.
• Follicular fluid estrogen levels were higher in
  the low protein loss sows which corresponded to
  higher uterine weight at weaning.
• Follicles of sows that lost the most weight (and
  body protein) in lactation were the least mature.

Clowes et al., Univ. of Alberta (1999)
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Relationship Between Maternal Protein Loss and
Ovarian Function in Lactating First-Litter Sows

• The degree of maternal body protein loss appear
  related to ovarian function and a threshold level
  of protein (muscle) loss in lactation will result
  in reduced fertility.
• Dietary protein (lysine) adequacy and lactation
  feeding management to minimize muscle tissue
  losses are critical for achieving high breeding
  efficiency and large litter size.

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Pig Birthweight
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Relationship Between Sow Fat Depth At Farrowing
and Birth Weight
Fat depth (mm)
18.8 12.9 Pig birth weight
(lb) 3.41 3.10
Significant difference
Hulton et al., 1993
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Effect of Daily Gestation
Energy Intake on Birth Weight
Energy level (Mcal DE/day) 5.3 7.0
8.7 Parity Pounds
1 3.08 3.08 3.30 2 3.08 3.52 3.52
3 3.08 3.52 3.52 4 2.86 3.30 3.30
Significant difference
Young et al., 1990
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Gilt Development
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Effect of Protein Restriction During Gilt Rearing
on Reproduction
Lysine, g/d 25 16.5
8.3 At puberty induction (160 days) Liveweight
(lb) 213
209 176 Backfat (mm)
9.2 10.1 10.8 Percentage responding to
PG600 in 5 days 94 88
67 Ovulation rate, no. 21.5
17.3 12.5
Daily energy provided was 6.6 Mcal DE (approx..
4.5 lb. feed per head/day).
Cia et al., 1998
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Relationships Between Age at Puberty and
Wean-To-Estrus Interval

Heritability Age at puberty, d
.40 Wean to
estrus, d .24 Estrus lt 10 d postwean,
.31
Correlation Age at
puberty Wean to estrus, d
.45 Estrus lt 10 d postwean,
-.50
Sterning et al., 1998
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Sow Feeding Guideline
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ad lib
18
8
flush wean- to- service
Daily Feed, lb
6.5
vary according to condition
4
minimum
2
Farrow
Wean
Breed
pregnancy
lactation
Phase of Reproductive Cycle
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