You have 7 minutes to answer this question.

1
You have 7 minutes to answer this question.
2
Biosphere

• The biosphere unit is divided into 3 main
  sections
• Soil Characteristics and Processes
• Soil Types and Profiles Podzol, Brown Earth,
  Gley
• Vegetation Succession on Sand Dunes

3
Soil Characteristics and Processes

• Soil Components
• A normal mature soil contains 5 components
• Mineral or Inorganic Matter, 40
• Organic Matter or Humus, 10
• Biota, 5.
• Air, 22.5.
• Water, 22.5.

4
Weathering A process in which rocks are
disintegrated into soils Humification The
process of decomposition whereby organic material
becomes humus Humus The brown or black
organic part of the soil resulting from the decay
of leaves and other matter Leaching The
removal of materials dissolved in the soil caused
by heavy rain Podsolization The leaching of
iron, aluminium and organic matter from the upper
layers Gleying A soil-forming process that
operates under poor drainage conditions
5

• For any upland area that you have studied,
• Give examples of environmental conflicts which
  have arisen, and
• Describe some of the measures taken to resolve
  these conflicts and comment on their
  effectiveness.
• 18 marks
• You have 13 minutes to answer this question.