Figure 15.2 1 Page 269

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Figure 15.2 (1)Page 269
hypothalamus
pineal gland
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
thymus gland
adrenal glands
pancreatic islets
ovaries
testes
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Figure 15.2 (2)Page 269
HYPOTHALAMUS
PITUITARY GLAND
bone at base of cranial cavity
anterior lobe
posterior lobe
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Figure 15.3Page 270
steroid hormone diffuses into cell
diffuses into nucleus
receptor
hormone-receptor complex
gene product
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Figure 15.4Page 271
glucagon
glucagon receptor
cyclic AMP
ATP
cAMP activates protein kinase A
Protein kinase A converts phosphorylase kinase to
active form and inhibits an enzyme required for
glucagon synthesis.
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cell bodies in hypothalamus synthesize ADH or
oxytocin
cell body
ADH, oxytocin move down axons
axon
capillaries
action potentials cause release of hormones,
which capillaries pick up
small vessels carry hormones to general
circulation
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Figure 15.5bPage 273
posterior lobe of pituitary
oxytocin
ADH
kidney tubules
mammary glands
smooth muscle in wall of the uterus
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Figure 15.6aPage 273
cell bodies of secretory neurons in hypothalamus
secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones
capillary bed in base of hypothalamus
capillary bed in anterior pituitary
endocrine cells in anterior pituitary lobe
affected by releasing and inhibiting hormones
hormones secreted by anterior lobe enter small
blood vessels, then general circulation
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Figure 15.6bPage 273
anterior lobe of pituitary
STH (GH)
growth-promoting effects on most cells
ACTH
PRL
FSH
TSH
both act on
LH
mammary glands
adrenal cortex
thyroid
gonads
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Figure 15.8Page 276
hypothalamus
STIMULUS blood level of glucose falls too low
CRH
anterior pituitary
adrenal cortex
ACTH
adrenal medulla
blood glucose level rises leads to inhibition of
cortisol secretion
adrenal cortex
adrenal gland
cortisol
1. Blood glucose uptake inhibited. 2. Proteins
degraded in many tissues. Free amino acids
converted to glucose. 3. Fats in adipose tissue
degraded to fatty acids, released to blood as
alternative energy sources.
glucose, amino acids, fatty acids enter blood
kidney
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Figure 15.9aPage 277
thyroid cartilage (Adams apple)
blood vessel
thyroid gland
trachea (windpipe)
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In-text figurePage 278
epiglottis
pharynx
thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
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Figure 15.10Page 279
Cell, especially muscle, takes up glucose and
uses it or converts it to glycogen.
insulin
Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into blood.
Liver converts glucose to glycogen, fats,
proteins.
Blood glucose levels decline to a set point
stimulus calling for insulin diminishes.
Stimulus Glucose is absorbed following a meal.
Stimulus Cells use or store glucose between
meals.
Blood glucose levels increase to a set point
stimulus calling for glucagon diminishes.
Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon into
blood.
Liver converts glycogen to glucose, stops
synthesizing glycogen.
glucagon