CH 12: The Endocrine System

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CH 12 The Endocrine System
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Endocrine glands

• Ductless glands made of groups of secretory cells
  which release their secretions into the
  bloodstream.
• Endocrine cells secrete chemicals called HORMONES

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Hormones

• Most contain amino acids
• insulin
• calcitonin
• Some are lipid (steroid)
• testosterone
• progesterone

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Endocrine system

• Glands
• Bloodstream
• Target cells
• cells which respond to the hormone
• must have specific receptor
• cells respond in a number of ways

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Major Glands

• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary (anterior and posterior)
• Thyroid
• Parathyroid
• Thymus
• Pineal

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Glands continued

• Adrenal (cortex and medulla)
• Pancreas
• Testes
• Ovaries

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Pineal

• Melatonin
• establishes day/night cycles
• delays sexual maturation

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Hypothalamus

• Releasing hormones
• stim prod.of hormones in Ant. Pit.
• Inhibiting hormones
• prevents prod.of hormones in Ant. pituitary

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Pituitary

• Anterior

• Posterior

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Anterior Pituitary

• TSH
• ACTH
• FSH
• LH
• PRL
• GH

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Anterior Pituitary

• TSH
• ? thyroid to secrete hormones
• ACTH
• ? adrenal cortex to secrete hormones

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Anterior Pituitary

• FSH
• Promotes (?) egg production in females
• ? ovaries to secrete estrogen
• Promotes sperm prod. in males
• LH
• ? ovulation
• ? ovaries to secrete hormones
• ? testes to secrete hormones

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Anterior Pituitary

• PRL
• ? mammary development milk production
• GH
• ? cell growth and division

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Posterior Pituitary
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Posterior Pituitary

• ADH
• ? water loss at kidneys
• Oxytocin
• ? uterine contractions
• ? milk release from mammary gland
• ? prostate gland contractions

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Thyroid

• Thyroxin
• ? metabolism
• Calcitonin
• ? calcium levels in blood

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Parathyroid

• PTH
• ? calcium levels in blood

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Calcium regulation
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Thymus

• Thymosins
• ? T cell development

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Adrenal Gland
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Adrenal Cortex

• Glucocorticoids
• ?glucose synthesis/storage by liver
• Mineralcorticoids
• ? retention of Na water by kidney
• ? secretion of K ions
• Androgens
• Uncertain function in both sexes

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Adrenal Medulla

• Epinephrine (adrenaline)
• ? use of glucose glycogen
• ? release of lipids by adipose
• ? heart rate and blood pressure
• Norepinephrine
• See above

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Pancreas

• Insulin
• Glucagon

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Pancreas

• Insulin
• ? glucose levels in blood
• Glucagon
• ? glucose levels in blood

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Glucose regulation
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Testes

• Testosterone
• ? production of sperm
• ? development of male sex characteristics

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Ovary

• Estrogens
• Support egg development
• ? Growth of uterine lining
• ? development of female sex characteristics
• Progesterones
• Prepares uterus for fertilized egg
• Support of embryonic development

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