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Heredity and Environment

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Title: Heredity and Environment


1
Part I
Chapter Two
  • Heredity and Environment

What Theories Do Grand Theories Emergent
Theories What Theories Contribute
2
What Theories Do
  • Developmental theorysystematic statement of
    principles and generalizations that provides a
    coherent framework for studying development

3
What Theories Do, cont.
  • Theories
  • form basis for hypotheses that can be tested by
    research studies
  • formulating right question is more difficult that
    finding right answers
  • generate discoveries
  • offer insight and guidance by providing coherent
    view

4
A little history.
  • 16th Century Preformationism

5
17th Century
  • John Locke
  • Forerunner to Behaviorism
  • We can train children
  • Tabula rasa
  • Parents could mold their child through careful
    instruction, good examples and rewards for good
    behavior.

6
18th Century
  • Jean Jacques Rousseau
  • Child-centered approach
  • Noble Savages we are born with a sense of right
    or wrong and with a plan for growth

7
18th and 19th Century
  • John Tetens and Frederich Carus urged that
    attention to development be extended through
    adulthood.

8
What Theories Do, cont.
  • Different Types
  • Grand theories
  • originated in psychology
  • Minitheories
  • originated more in sociology through study of
    social groups and family structures
  • Emergent theories
  • multidisciplinary approach includes historic
    events and genetic discoveries

9
What Theories Do
  • Developmental theories
  • Grand theories
  • describe universal processes and development
    throughout the entire life span
  • offers a framework for interpreting and
    understandingchange and development of all
    individuals
  • some are emergent theories new systematic and
    comprehensive theories of the future

10
Grand Theories
  • Psychoanalytic
  • Behaviorism (learning theory)
  • Cognitive
  • grand in that they are

11
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12
Psychoanalytic Theory
  • a grand theory of human development that holds
    that irrational, unconscious drives and motives,
    often originating in childhood, underlies human
    behavior

13
Grand Theory 1 Psychoanalytic Theory (HEART)
  • Psychoanalytic theory interprets human
    development in terms of motives and drives

14
Psycholanalytic Theories cont. Freuds Ideas
  • Sigmund Freud (Psychosexual)
  • Three stages of development in first six years
  • oral, anal, phallic
  • in early childhood, latency (interlude in sexual
    drives) and then adolescence, genital
  • each stage includes potential conflicts
  • how a person experiences and resolves conflicts
    determines personality and patterns of behavior

15
Psychoanalytic Theory
  • Erikson 1902-1994
  • a follower of Freud, interested in
  • culture diversity
  • social change
  • psychological crises
  • described eight developmental stages
  • Trust vs. Mistrust
  • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
  • Initiative vs. Guilt
  • Industry vs. Inferiority
  • Identity vs. Role Confusion
  • Intimacy vs. Isolation
  • Generativity vs. Stagnation
  • Integrity vs. Despair

16
Erik Erikson
  • Psychosocial Theory
  • Expanded Freuds views and created a psychosocial
    theory to cover the life span
  • Recognized that normal development must be
    understood in each culture.

17
Grand Theory 2 Behaviorism (Hand and Foot)
  • Behaviorism is built on laws of behavior and
    processes by which behavior is learned
  • focus ways we learn specific behaviors that can
    be described, analyzed, and predicted with
    scientific accuracy

18
Behaviorism Theory
  • Watson 1878 1958
  • emphasis on unconscious

19
Behaviorism cont. John Watson (1878-1958)
  • Began the American study of behaviorism
  • Studied directly observable stimuli and
    response behavior
  • Built upon Classical Conditioning (Pavlovs Dog)
  • Meant to link a stimulus with a response

20
Behavorism cont. John Watson
  • Classical Conditioning Adults could mold
    childrens behavior by controlling
    stimulus-response associations

21
Behaviorism cont. B.F. Skinner
  • Operant Conditioning Theory
  • Behaviors can be increased by using rein forcers
  • Behaviors can be decreased by using punishments
  • Reinforcers are
  • Punishments are

Does behaviorism work?
22
Behaviorism Theory
  • Social Learning Theory
  • an extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the
    influence that other people have over a persons
    behavior
  • Modeling
  • The central process of social learning by which a
    person observes the actions of others and then
    copies them

23
Grand Theory 3 Cognitive Theory
  • Focuses on the structure and development of
    thought processes, which shape perceptions,
    attitudes, and actions.

24
Cognitive Theory cont. Jean Piaget
Children develop as they actively manipulate and
explore the environment Children develop in
stages Childrens understanding is very
different from adults
25
Cognitive Theory
  • Jean Piagets 4 Stages

26
Cognitive Theory
  • Cognitive equilibrium
  • Assimilation
  • Accommodation

27
Emergent Theories
  • Emergent theories arise from several accumulated
    minitheories and may be the new systematic and
    comprehensive theories of the future

28
Sociocultural Theory
  • an emergent theory that holds that development
    results from the dynamic interaction between each
    person and the surrounding social and
  • cultural forces
  • Lev Vygotsky

29
Sociocultural Theory
  • cultural variation
  • adult responses are shaped by culture
  • society provides not only customs but also the
    tools and theories
  • guided participation
  • a technique in which skilled mentors help novices
    lean not only by providing instruction, but also
    by allowing direct, shared involvement in the
    activity

30
Emergent Theories cont.
  • Cultures help cultures children and adults
    develop unique strengths in every culture that
    are not present in other cultures.

31
Emergent Theories cont. The Zone of Proximal
Development
  • Zone of proximal development

32
Epigenetic Theory
  • An emergent theory of development that considers
    both the genetic origins of behavior (within each
    person and within each species) and the direct,
    systematic influences that environmental forces
    have over time on genes

33
Genetic Adaptation
  • Selective adaptation
  • the process by which humans and other organisms
    gradually adjust to their environment
  • genes for the traits that are most useful will
    become more frequent, thus making survival of
    species more likely.

34
What Theories Contribute
  • Psychoanalytic theory has made us aware of the
    importance of early childhood experiences.
  • Behaviorism has shown effect of the immediate
    environment on learning.
  • Cognitive theory shows how intellectual process
    and thinking affect actions.
  • Sociocultural theory has reminded us of the
    importance of culture in learning.
  • Epigenetic theory reminds us of the power of
    genes and their interaction with the environment.

35
The Nature-Nurture Controversy
  • Nature
  • The genes that people inherit
  • Nurture
  • To all the environmental influences

36
The Nature-Nurture Controversy
  • Nature and Nurture Always interact
  • Heredity vs. Environment
  • How much of any characteristic,
  • behavior, or pattern of development is
  • the result of genes and how much is
  • the result of experience?
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