the study of development of psychological processes throughout the lifespan

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Developmental Psychology

• the study of development of psychological
  processes throughout the lifespan

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Emotional Development Attachment

• Separation anxiety in infants (Ainsworth)
• The strange situation paradigm
• Secure attachment
• Anxious-ambivalent attachment
• Avoidant attachment
• Effects of infant attachment later in life

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Emotional Development Contact Comfort

• Harry Harlows studies (1958, 1966)
• Rhesus monkeys with artificial mothers
• Wire mother or cloth mother
• Type of mother affected temperament

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Personality Development Sigmund Freud

• Five stages ends at early adulthood
• Psychosexual stages
• Unsuccessful resolution anxiety
• Oral (1 year old)
• Sexual energy mouth
• Unsuccessful oral fixation
• Anal (2 years old toilet training)
• Sexual energy bowel movements control
• Unsuccessful anal retentiveness

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Personality Development Sigmund Freud

• Phallic (4 years old)
• Sexual energy oneself
• Oedipus complex
• Penis envy among girls
• Latent (6 years puberty)
• No sexual energy
• Establish social contacts
• Genital (puberty)
• Sexual energy others

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Personality Development Erik Erikson (1963)

• Neo-Freudian
• Life energy, but not sexual
• Eight psychosocial stages throughout life
• Each stage contains one major crisis
• Struggle between opposing tendencies
• Resolution of crises determines personality

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Fig 11.10 Eriksons stage theory. Eriksons
theory of personality development posits that
people evolve through eight stages over the life
span. Each stage is marked by a psychosocial
crisis that involves confronting a fundamental
question, such as Who am I and where am I
going? The stages are described in terms of
alternative traits that are potential outcomes
from the crises. Development is enhanced when a
crisis is resolved in favor of the healthier
alternative (which is listed first for each
stage).
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Cognitive Development Jean Piaget

• Four stages
• operations principles, logic
• Sensorimotor (birth-2)
• Object permanence
• Preoperational (2-7)
• Egocentrism
• Animism
• Creative play using symbols

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Cognitive Development Jean Piaget

• Concrete Operational (7-11)
• Conservation
• Reasoning (concrete)
• Reversibility
• Formal Operational (11-16)
• Abstractions, hypothetical thinking
• Not a universal stage
• Assimilation/Accommodation and schemas

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Fig 11.11 Piagets stage theory. Piagets
theory of cognitive development identifies four
stages marked by fundamentally different modes of
thinking through which youngsters evolve. The
approximate age norms and some key
characteristics of thought at each stage are
summarized here.
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Moral Development - Lawrence Kohlberg (1976)

• Moral reasoning, not necessarily behavior
• Presented moral dilemmas
• Moral development has 3 major levels
• Preconventional
• Stages 1-2 pre-moral
• Judgments in terms of reward/punishment
• Selfish whats in it for me?

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Stages of Moral Development -Lawrence Kohlberg
(1976)

• Conventional (Stages 3-4 conventional morals)
• Judgments in terms of established rules/laws or
  external approval
• Social
• Postconventional (Stages 5-6 principled morals)
• Judgments in terms of flexible laws, personal
  code of ethics
• Ethical

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Fig 11.15 Kohlbergs stage theory. Kohlbergs
model posits three levels of moral reasoning,
each of which can be divided into two stages.
This chart summarizes some of the key facets in
how individuals think about right and wrong at
each stage.
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Adolescence

• First established as a distinct stage by Hall
• Approximately ages 13-22 (modern societies)
• Identity status addressed during adolescence
• Identity diffusion
• Identity foreclosure
• Identity moratorium
• Identity achievement