Nomenclature

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Nomenclature

• Cynthia Bartlau, RN, PHN, MSN

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Nomenclature

• Drugs are categorized under broad subcategories
  called classifications
• Drugs with several types of therapeutic effects
  fit under several classifications (Aspirin)

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Drug Classifications

• Therapeutic Effect
• Antihypertensive
• Antiemetic
• Antibiotic
• Diuretic
• Physiologic Action
• B-adrenergic blocker
• Ca channel blocker

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Classifications (cont.)

• The same drug may belong to more than one
  classification
• Propranalol B-blocker (physiologic action),
  antianginal, antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive
• Perphenazine antiemetic controls N/V,
  antipsychotic anticholinergic side effects (dry
  mouth, constipation, urinary retention, blurred
  vision, tachycardia, sedation)

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Nomenclature/Classifications (cont.)

• Prototype Drug representative of many drugs
  within the class
• Diazepam Benzodiazepine, sedative/hypnotic,
  antianxiety
• Similarities pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics,
  effects, side effects, adverse reactions,
  contraindications, drug/food interaction

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Nomenclature / Drug Names

• Generic
• Name given to drug before it becomes official
• Given by the United States Adopted Names Council
• Typically derived from chemical name
• Usually shorter

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Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)

• Trade
• Name that is registered by the manufacturer
• Followed by the trademark symbol
• Can only be used by the manufacturer
• May have several trade names (depending on number
  of manufacturers)
• The first letter of the name is capitalized

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Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)

• Chemical
• Gives exact chemical composition of the drug
• Places atoms or molecular structure

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Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)

• Official
• Name listed in the United States
  Pharmacopoeia-National Formulary
• May be the same as the generic name
• Acetaminophen/N-acetyl-p-aminophenol/Tylenol,
  Datil

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Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)

• When a new drug is produced it is given a generic
  name
• It must be tested and approved by the FDA
• Listed in the USP/NF by an official name
• Producing company has an exclusive right for 17
  years and other companies can produce the same
  drug, but will assign own trade name

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Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)

• Patient Education
• Generic and trade name drugs have same basic
  ingredients by law
• Trade name drug is more expensive
• Advertising
• Pharmacy dispension
• Though basic ingredients are same, the fillers
  may be different (fillers may effect speed drug
  is dissolved or takes effect, some dyes may cause
  allergic reaction)

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Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)

• Combination drugs
• Have several generic names, but only one trade
  name
• Darvocet-N-100 Acetaminophen 650mg, Propoxypene
  napsylate, 100mg

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Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)

• Trade names with numbers
• The number refers to the amount of one of the
  generic components
• A differentiating factor
• Number represents the amount of the controlled
  substance

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Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)

• Trade Name Generic Name
• Empirin Aspirin 325mg
• Empirin 1 Aspirin 325 mg
• Codeine Phosphate 7.5mg
• Empirin 2 Aspirin 325 mg
• Codeine Phosphate 15mg
• The larger the number, the greater the amount of
  the controlled substance contained therein.

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Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)

• Potential med errors
• Trade name misinterpreted for the of tablets to
  give
• Allergic reaction to one of the generic
  components (check for aspirin allergy)
• Giving 2 3s instead of one 4 (doubles the dose
  of aspirin from 325mg to 650mg)

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Drug References

• PDR Physicians Desk Reference
• Distributed to practicing physicians
• All drugs cross referenced
• White manufacturers index (company that makes
  drug)
• Pink product index (trade and generic name)
• Blue product category index (drug
  classification)
• Green (description of substances used for medical
  testing)
• Photographs of many drugs
• List of all US Poison Control Centers

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Drug References (cont.)

• PDR (cont.)
• Geared for physicians
• Lengthy descriptions
• Difficult to identify what is most important to
  remember
• No easily identifiable nursing implications

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Drug References (cont.)

• USP/DI US Pharmacopaeia/Dispensing Information
• Must be purchased
• Practical guidelines for the patient (everyday
  language)
• Tips for proper use of medication and what
  precautions to take

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Drug References (cont.)

• AHFS American Health-System Formulary Service
• Good, concise information
• Arranged by classification with a description of
  each classification at the beginning of each
  section

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Drug References (cont.)

• Compendium of Drug Therapy
• Distributed to physicians
• 2 hardback volumes
• Easy to read
• Photographs of drugs
• Phone of major pharmaceutical companies
• Poison control centers listed

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Drug References (cont.)

• Daviss Drug Guide
• Best resource for nursing
• Includes nursing implications
• Assessment
• Potential nursing diagnoses
• Implementation
• Patient/family teaching
• Evaluation
• Well organized

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Terms

• Indication
• Medical condition for which the drug is meant to
  be used
• Benadryl allergic skin reaction, mild
  Parkinsonian symptoms, nasal allergies

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Terms (cont.)

• Action
• Cellular changes that occur as a result of the
  drug
• Know which body system is affected
• Benadryl competes with histamine for cell
  receptor sites on effector cell

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Terms (cont.)

• Contraindication
• Condition for which the drug should not be given
• Pregnancy, lactation

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Terms (cont.)

• Warning Precaution
• Conditions or types of patients that warrant
  closer observation for specific side effects when
  given drug
• Hx of bronchial asthma, HTN

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Terms (cont.)

• Side Effects Adverse Reaction
• List of possible unpleasant or dangerous
  secondary effects other than the desired effects
• Benadryl causes sedation, dizziness, thickening
  of bronchial secretion
• Ototoxicity aspirin
• Nephrotoxicity gentamycin
• Photosensitivity antipsychotic/Haloperidol

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Terms (cont.)

• Interaction
• Other foods or drugs that may alter the effect of
  the drug
• MAO inhibitors have major interaction, some
  causing BP changes and even death

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Sources of Drugs

• Any chemical substance taken into body for the
  purpose of affecting body function is referred to
  as a drug

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Sources of Drugs (cont.)

• Plants primary source of substances used in
  human body
• Berries, bark, leaves, resin from trees, roots
• Minerals from the earth soil
• Iron, sulfur, potassium, silver even gold
• Animals substances from the glands, organs
  tissues of animals
• Pork insulin
• Synthetic man made (test tube drugs)

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Sources of Drugs

• Plants
• Example Trade Name Classification
• Chinchona Bark Quinidine Antiarrhythmic
• Purple Foxglove Digitalis Cardiotonic
• Poppy Plant Paregoric, Antidiarrheal,
• (Opium) Morphine, Analgesic,
• Codeine Analgesic, Antitussive

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Sources of Drugs

• Minerals
• Example Trade Name Classification
• Magnesium Milk of Magnesia Antacid, Laxative
• Zinc Zinc Oxide Oint. Sunscreen, Skin
  Protectant
• Gold Solganal, Auranofin Anti-inflammatory
  Used in tx of Rheumatoid
  Arthritis

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Sources of Drugs

• Animals
• Example Trade Name Classification
• Pancreas of Cow, Insulin regular, Antidiabetic
• Hog NPH, PZI Hormone
• Stomach of Cow, Pepsin Digestive
• Hog Hormone
• Thyroid Gland Thyroid, USP Hormone
• Of Animals

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Sources of Drugs

• Synthetic
• Example Trade Name Classification
• Meperidine Demerol Analgesic
• Diphenoxylate Lomotil Antidiarrheal
• Co-Trimoxazole Bactrim, Septra Anti-Infective
  Sulfonamide Used in the
  treatment of UTIs

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Effects of Drugs

• Systemic
• Effect is made throughout body (Tylenol)
• Local
• Affects are limited to the area of the body where
  it is administered (Preparation H for
  hemorrhoidal pain)

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Drug Actions

• Depressing
• Stimulating
• Destroying
• Replacing Substances

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Questions???