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From Amoeba to Cognition Frankfurt Institute of Advanced Studies April 16, 2003

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A Model for the Ontogenesis of Retinotopy (Willshaw and ... Ontogenesis as a refinement of old cellular behavioral patterns. reproduction, differentiation ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: From Amoeba to Cognition Frankfurt Institute of Advanced Studies April 16, 2003


1
From Amoeba to Cognition Frankfurt Institute of
Advanced StudiesApril 16, 2003
Christoph von der Malsburg Institut für
Neuroinformatik und Fakultät für Physik und
Astronomie Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
and Computer Science Department and Program in
Neuroscience University of Southern
California Los Angeles
2
Amoeba
3
Euglena
4
History of life
5
Repertoire of single-celled animals 1
  • Metabolism
  • Production, transformation and breakdown of
    molecules
  • Synthesis of molecules under genetic control
  • Regulation, e.g., of ionic concentrations
  • Transport of molecules, inside, in and out of
    cell
  • Electrical behavior
  • Circadian rhythm
  • Reproduction

6
Repertoire of single-celled animals 2
  • Behavior
  • Sensing (light, sound, chemical milieu)
  • Self-shaping (pseudopodia, mitosis)
  • Motility, esp. chemotaxis
  • Feeding ingestion and digestion
  • Aggression, flight
  • Signalling
  • Collaboration (e.g., slime mold, biofilms)

7
Amoeba aggregation 2
8
Spiral waves
9
Ants
10
Neuron 1
11
Neuron 2
12
Synapse
13
The Ontogenetic Riddle
  • Information content of the genome 109 bits
  • Information content of the brains wiring 1016
    bits
  • (1010 neurons, hence ld 1010 33 bits per
    connection,
  • times 1015 synapses 1016 bits of information)
  • Solution genetically controlled
    self-organization

14
Rettec anatomical schema
A Model for the Ontogenesis of Retinotopy (Willsha
w and Malsburg, 1976)
15
Rettec functional schma
  • Chemotaxis
  • Synaptic plasticity controlled by electrical
    signals

16
Hebbian Plasticity
Correlation-controlled Synaptic
Plasticity (Hebbian Plasticity)
Time
10 sec
17
Meister
(Prenatal ferret retina, M. Meister et al.)
18
Network Self-Organization
Network
Signals
Signal Dynamic
Synaptic Plasticity
19
Rettec functional schma
20
Rettec principle 2
21
Rettec development
22
Visual system schema
23
Levay stripes
24
Binoc 1
A Model for the Ontogenesis of Ocularity Domains
(Biol. Cybernetics, 1977)
25
Binoc 2
26
HW orient
27
Devalois 2
28
73 projection
A model for the development of orientation-specifi
c neurons (Kybernetik, 1973)
Connection Strength
Cortex
Retina
29
73 stimuli
Retinal Stimuli
30
Meister
(Prenatal ferret retina, M. Meister et al.)
31
73 cell 70
Re-organization of a cortical receptive field
32
73 cortex post
33
73 orientmap
34
Devalois 1
35
Gabors
36
Olshausen-and Field Schema
Natural images
  • Development of connections strengths Fi(x,y)
    under 2 constraints
  • Preservation of information (ability to
    reconstruct)
  • Sparsity

37
Olshausen-Field Gabors
38
Points of Conclusion
  • Retinotopy, orientation specificity as paradigms
  • of network self-organization and CNS ontogenesis
  • Ontogenesis of CNS and cellular repertoire
  • Amount of genetic information

39
Invariant object Recognition(As paradigm of a
cognitive function)
40
van Essen
41
Rubfig 1
Object recognition
Image Domain
Model Domain
Model Window
42
Rubfig 2
Objection recognition 2
Image Domain
Model Domain
Model Window
43
Temporal binding
Rapid, Reversible Synaptic Plasticity
Time
10 msec
Temporal binding
44
Network Self-Organization
Network
Signals
Signal Dynamic
Synaptic Plasticity
45
Image-to-jets
46
Maryl-representation
47
2D mapping formation
48
Face recognition rates
After 3 iterations
49
Marylin
50
Points of Conclusion
  • Evolution as a game of varying the eurkaryotes
    repertoire
  • Ontogenesis as a refinement of old cellular
    behavioral patterns
  • reproduction, differentiation
  • cellular migration, chemotaxis
  • chemical signalling, reaction-diffusion patterns
  • putting out of pseudopodia
  • Brain function as a fast version of the same
    game again
  • Network Self-Organization the central process

51
Outlook
  • The flexibility of the human brain shows that
    fundamental
  • principles are at work
  • Similar conclusions may be drawn from the rapid
  • development of human society
  • Elucidating the general principles of
    organization is the
  • challenge of our times
  • This issue has at present no academic home

52
Molecular Biology
53
The Software Crisis
NIST Study 02 yearly US loss due to SW failure
60 Billion
54
Algorithmic DOL
Algorithmic Division of Labor
Human
Creative Infrastructure Goals, Methods,
Interpretation, World Knowledge, Diagnostics
Detailed Communication
Machine
Algorithms deterministic, fast,
clue-less
55
Organic Computers
Organic Computers
Human
Goal Definition
Loose Communication
Machine
Creative Infrastructure Goals, Methods,
Interpretation, World Knowldege, Debugging Data,
Algorithms
56
Self-Organization in Need of Development
The ideas of self-organization have created a
revolution, but they are now in need of forceful
further development!
  • Underdeveloped aspects
  • Control of the control parameters (Ashbys
    super-stability)
  • Explicit representation of goals
  • Cascades of organization (description of
    unfolding systems)
  • Escaping geometry (e.g., network
    self-organization)

57
Physics to the Rescue!!
  • Physics has a proven track-record of
    understanding complex
  • phenomena on the basis of simple paradigms and
    principles
  • Physics is in possession of highly relevant
    methodology
  • (statistical mechanics, systems of non-linear
    differential equations)
  • Physics has a very successful system of
    education
  • Physics is on the look-out for a new application
    field
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