SPORTSMANSHIP

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(No Transcript)
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IN THE NAME OF FAIR GAME
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SPORTSMANSHIP
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What is sportsmanship?

• A behaviour and attitude that shows respect for
  the rules of a game and the other players.
• The idea that the activity will be enjoyed for
  its own sake, with proper consideration for
  fairness, ethics, respect and a sense of
  fellowship with the other competitors.

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General examples

• Full commitment to participation
• Showing up at races and training sessions.
• Working hard during all practices.
• Acknowledging ones mistakes.
• Trying to improve.

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General examples

• Respect and concern for rules and officials.

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General examples

• Respect and concern for social conventions
• Shaking hands.
• Recognizing the good performance of an opponent.

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General examples

• Respect and concern for the opponent
• Lending ones equipment to the opponent.
• Agreeing to play even if the opponent is late.
• Not taking advantage of injured opponents.

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General examples

• Avoiding poor attitudes toward participation
• Not adopting a win-at-all-costs approach.
• Not showing temper after a mistake.
• Not competing solely for individual prizes.

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GAMESMANSHIP
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What is gamesmanship?

• The opposite of sportsmanship
• The art or practice of winning a game by clever
  methods and tactics which are not against the
  rules but are very close to cheating.
• The use of dubious but legal tactics, such as
  distracting an opponent, or misrepresenting their
  own skill level in order to make opponents
  over-or underestimate them to gain an extra
  advantage.

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by Chiara, Rebecca, Enea and Nicola
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(No Transcript)
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WHAT IS DOPING AND WHAT IS IT USED FOR?

• Doping is used to enhance athletic performance.
• People look for a help from organic chemistry at
  every level of the game.
• International and national
• sports organizations in
• collaboration with laboratories
  
  
• are trying very hard to
• crack down on drug abuse.

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WHAT ARE STEROIDS?

• Steroids are the most popular kind of doping.
• People use them both in competitive sports and in
  recreational weight training.
• They are composed of synthetic derivates of human
  testosterone so that they may remain intact in
  the body for a longer period of time.
• They increase muscle mass.
• The increase of muscle mass is due to muscle
  hypertrophy and the formation of new muscle
  fibres.
• The anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) and the
  structure of testosterone are banned in
  international sports.

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HOW CAN DRUGS BE DETECTED?

• Detecting their presence is very difficult.
• Tests can identify also very small concentrations
  of drugs even if its use is discontinued.
• Tests need to be done both during and before the
  competition times.
• The best sample to be taken
• for testing is athletes urine.
• The method used for the
• detection is mass spectrometry
• coupled to gas chromatography.

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WHAT ARE STIMULANTS?

• Stimulants are used for enhancing
• performances through a reduction
• in feelings of fatigue.
• The best known stimulants are
• amphetamines which are mostly
• banned, but also coffee and coke
• in every days life.
• Amphetamines stimulate the
• Central Nervous System and mimic
• the sympathetic nervous system activities.
• Their effects are an increase in blood pressure,
  heart rate and metabolic rate.
• The athletes reported also an improvement in
  hand-eye coordination, strength and endurance.

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WHAT ARE DIURETICS?

• Diuretics are another class of banned enhancing
  drugs.
• They are mainly taken by wrestlers or competitive
  weight lifters.
• Diuretics are capable of rapid water loss
  resulting in a reduction of weight, which is
  advantageous to the athletes who are allowed to
  compete in lower weight classes.
• They increase renal flow and muscle temperature
  during exercise.
• Diuretics are taken before the weight
  classification process and then the athlete
  re-hydrates himself to regain lost weight.
• Detecting them is harder because diuretics may be
  used as a method of masking the presence of other
  drugs.

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CATCHING THE CHEATERS

• Two urine samples are collected according to a
  strict international protocol for doping control.
• The first sample is sent to the lab and analyzed
  until it gives a positive result for a banned
  substance.
• The athlete is contacted and at this point he or
  she has the right to request the opening and the
  testing of the second sample in front of
  witnesses.
• The two methods used for identifying banned
  sustances are Gas Chromatography and Mass
  Spectrometry they perform very different tasks
  but they act together for a common purpose.

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CONCLUSION

• While new performance drugs and harder to
  detect derivates are sure to emerge in the next
  few years, we hope that technology can improve
  its current detection methods. The hope of many
  athletes and sport organizations is that all
  cheaters will be caught and we wish there will be
  only fair games to be played for the rest of time.

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Vera
done by
Michela
Caterina
Giulia
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DOPING SCANDAL IN CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING AND
BIATHLON
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The Olympic doping scandal in Turin

• Six Austrian athletes were banned for life after
  the Olympics Games of Turin.
• The decision came after an investigation by the
  International Olympic Committee.

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Which athletes were involved in the doping
conspiracy?

• The athletes involved were the biathletes Wolfang
  Perner and Wolfang Rottmann, and cross-country
  skiers Martin Tauber, Juergen Pinter, Johannes
  Eder and Roland Diethart

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How could the Italian police find the illegal
substance?

• The Italian police raided the Austrian lodgings
  outside Turin.

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How did the Austrian Ski Federation react?

• In Vienna, the head of the Austrian Ski
  Federation vowed to get to the bottom of the
  Turin scandal.
• The president said that if the scandal was true,
  the athletes would be punished.
• In case they were innocent, the Federation
• would defend them.

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What happened to the Austrian coach Walter Mayer?

• Walter Mayer fled after the Italian raid. He
  crashed his car into a police roadblock after
  crossing into Austria.
• Mayer was banned by the IOC from the Turin
  Olympics after the blood-doping scandal in 2002.
• He ended up briefly in a psychiatric hospital.

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What did the Italian police find in the
athletes rooms?

• The report of the police showed that a great
  quantity of medical equipment had been seized
  material for collecting, storing, freezing and
  transfusing blood.

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How long will the athletes be disqualified?

• The athletes have been banned from involvement in
  any capacity at the Olympics, including athletes,
  coaches or officials.
• The athletes also face possible punishment from
  the International Ski Federation.

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BLOOD DOPING
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Definition

• Blood doping is the practice of illicitly
  boosting the number of red blood cells (RBCs) in
  the blood circulation in order to enchance
  athletic performance.

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There are 2 types of transfusion

• Homologous the RBCs from a compatible donour are
  harvested, concentrated and then transfused into
  the athletes circulation.
• Autologous the athletes own RBCs are harvested
  well in advance of a competition and then
  reintroduced before a critical event.

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Example of research into blood doping

• Abnormal hematologic profiles in elite
  cross-country skiers
• By Stray-Gundersen J, Videman t, Penttilä I,
  Lereim I.

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Objective

• To examine the prevalence of abnormal ematologic
  profile in elite cross-country skiers.

Setting and participants
68 of all skiers and 92 of those finishing in
the top 10 places of the World Ski Championships.
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Results

• 17 had highly abnormal hematologic profiles
• 19 had abnormal values
• 64 were normal

Conclusions
Blood doping is both prevalent and effective in
cross-country ski racing, and current testing
programmes for exposing blood doping are
ineffective.
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• Simone
• Ginevra
• Federico
• Folco

done by
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Year 2 survey results

• 58 students
• Ski College
• Leibniz

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Questionnaire results
Question 1 How often do you participate in sport?
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Question 2 How often do you watch sport ?
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Question 3 Do you think Sportsmen/women generally
behave fairly when playing their sport?
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Question 4 Do you think Spectators behave
responsibly by agreeing with decisions made by
Officials when watching sport?
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Question 5 Do you think that Officials behave
fairly when making decisions on the pitch/track?
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Question 6 Do you think Players/Competitors
always show that they accept the decisions of
Officials, even if they dont really agree?
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Question 7 Do you think Players/Competitors often
dispute the decisions made by Officials?
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Question 8Do you think the use of technology
impacts fairly on Officials decisions?
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Question 9Do you think the use of technology
has increased the level of fair play?
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Question 10Who do you feel is primarily
responsible for ensuring fair play in sport?
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Question 11 Do you think the behaviour of
Sportsmen/women on the pitch/track sets a good
example for young people?
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Question 12 Do you think the behaviour of
Sportsmen/women off the pitch/track sets a good
example for young people?
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Question 13Do you think the amount of money
involved in sport has an adverse effect on fair
play?
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Question 14 Do you think that intense media
coverage and the scrutiny of foul play
discourages unfair practice?
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Conclusions

• In conclusion, we can say that most of our
  students practice a lot of sport regularly rather
  than watch sports events. They think that theres
  good fair play in winter sports and athletics,
  but not in football, where both players and
  spectators dont always accept the officials
  decisions or represent a good model of behaviour
  for young people. Although the use of technology
  has contributed to increase fair play, the lack
  of it in football is probably due to the amount
  of money involved in this sport. In all sports,
  players and competitors remain the prime
  responsible for ensuring fair play behaviour on
  the field.