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Principles of Design

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Title: Principles of Design


1
Chapter 2
2
Principles of Design
3
I. History of Floral Design
  • A. Flower arranging is a work of art.

4
We follow certain guidelines
  • to properly arrange flowers so that they become
    a work of art. These guidelines are called
    principles of design.

5
Basic laws
  • fundamentals, truths or methods of operation that
    have been tested and proven for many centuries.

6
Arrangements
  • are judged by these principles.
  • Tools that will guide in planning and evaluating
    arrangements.

7
Concepts of floral design
  • Two concepts developed independently of each
    other.
  • Occidental Style evolved in Egyptian and Middle
    Eastern Cultures
  • further developed by the Europeans

8
Oriental Style
  • began in China
  • later explored by the Japanese

9
Egyptian Period
  • 2800-28BC
  • arranged separate rows of different colored
    flowers in shallow bowls

10
Egyptian period
  • feast tables were often decorated with fruits and
    vegetables neatly piled in low baskets

11
Egyptian Period
  • several flowers were considered sacred,
    symbolizing Egyptian Gods and Goddesses
  • Lotus and Water Lillies were placed in elaborate
    vases, bowls and jars

12
Ancient Greeks
  • 600-146 BC
  • Did not arrange flowers in vases, scattered
    blossoms on tables and on the streets

13
Ancient Greeks
  • flowers were used to make garland and wreaths
    worn during special occasions.
  • Presented as awards to athletes, statesmen and
    soldiers.

14
Ancient Greeks
  • the cornucopia (horn or plenty) was filled with
    fruits and vegetables and placed in an upright
    position rather than on its side as done today

15
Romans
  • 28 BC - 325 AD
  • continued the customs of the Greeks
  • arrangements and usage became more elaborate

16
Romans
  • scatter roses on banquet tables and on the floor
  • scarves filled with blossoms were offered at an
    altar in Roman Religious Ceremonies

17
Romans
  • Wreaths and Garlands became more elaborate

18
Byzantine Period
  • 320-600 AD
  • arrangements of cut flowers used again
  • formal conical designs with clusters of blossoms
    at regular intervals

19
Middle Ages
  • 476-1600 AD
  • very little is known about floral designs of this
    time period

20
Renaissance
  • 1400-1600 AD
  • beautifully documented in paintings
  • designs were large, tall, pyramidal, and
    symmetrically balanced

21
Renaissance
  • flower arrangements were loose, un-crowded and
    airy
  • formal bouquets featured the most important
    flower situated centrally, at the top of the
    bouquet, with other flower heads turned outward.

22
Renaissance
  • flowers were arranged so that they were about
    twice the height of the container
  • intense colors were used to create contrast with
    the white plastered walls of buildings

23
Renaissance
  • several traditional floral designs of today are
    styled after renaissance arrangements

24
Baroque Period
  • began as symmetrical, oval shaped designs
  • asymmetrical curves in the shape of a crescent or
    an s were adopted later

25
Baroque
  • an abundance of flower types and colors were used
    together
  • arrangements incorporated a variety of
    accessories such as figurines and butterflies

26
Baroque
  • the s curve and crescent arrangements developed
    during this period are popular today

27
Flemish-style
  • 1600-1750 AD
  • beautifully captured by Dutch painters
  • traditional baroque styles were refined

28
Flemish style
  • refined - not as loose and open
  • better proportioned and more compact
  • Rich colors and an array of flowers were combined
    into masses, oval shape bouquets.

29
Flemish style
  • The French developed mass arrangements during the
    same time that were lighter and more airy than
    those of the Dutch.
  • Arrangements were made from delicate flowers in
    light pastel colors.

30
Georgian period
  • 1714-1760 A.D.
  • Time period that spanned the reigns of the
    English kings George I and George II
  • Arrangements were greatly influenced by Chinese
    arts.

31
Georgian period
  • Usually symmetrical and triangularly shaped.
  • Many featured a single flower type.
  • Designs moved away from formality and symmetry in
    the late part of the period.

32
Georgian period
  • nosegay, or handheld bouquet became stylish
  • small nosegay bouquets placed in bowls were the
    first use of table centerpieces as we know them
    today.

33
Georgian period
  • Georgian art influenced the decorative arts in
    Colonial America.
  • Fan shaped and triangular arrangements were made
    and sometimes placed the center of interest near
    the rim of the container.

34
Georgian period
  • boxwood, ivy, and magnolia were used with garden
    flowers in the summer
  • berries, cones, greens with fruit were used
    during the winter along with dried flowers.

35
Victorian period
  • 1820-1914 A.D.
  • Flowers were fashionable but designs were rather
    unappealing.
  • Improperly proportioned

36
Victorian period
  • large amounts of flowers cramped into a container
    to create a compact arrangement
  • usually asymmetrical with no focal point.

37
Victorian period
  • many different flower types and colors used,
    arrangements looked unplanned.
  • Rules for flower arranging were established
    toward the end of the Victorian period.

38
Oriental Style
  • Began in India where Buddist priests scattered
    branches and stem on altar or placed them in
    pottery urns.
  • Modified by the Chinese during the first century
    A.D.

39
Oriental Style
  • Arranged flowers in massive bronze vessels
  • Felt it was improper to place flowers carelessly
    on the altar.
  • Created symbolic arrangements
  • Bright colors were favored.

40
Oriental Style
  • Usually large and symmetrical with one or two
    types of foliage and flowers placed around a
    central branch.
  • Lightest colors were used at outer portions of
    design, darker ones kept nearest the base.

41
Oriental Style
  • Sixth Century A.D. Japanese adopted many aspects
    of the Chinese culture, including floral
    arrangement.
  • Japanese priest named Ikenabo refined the art.

42
Oriental Style
  • His instruction was sought by other Buddhist
    priests.
  • Began the first school of floral art in Japan
    which bears his name.

43
Oriental Style
  • Name later changed to Ikebana which means giving
    life to the flowers.

44
Oriental Style
  • Many schools of Japanese flower arrangements have
    evolved from this original one, the basic
    principles can be traced back to Ikenaba.

45
Oriental Style
  • Japanese designs are characterized by minimum use
    of plant material and careful placement of
    branches and flowers.
  • Each placement and angle has meaning.

46
Oriental Style
  • This type of arrangement became known as line
    arrangement

47
European Style
  • generally large, round or oval mass of flowers
  • flower placement is not rigidly dictated as in
    oriental design

48
European Style
  • known as mass arrangements
  • most floral designs in the US are referred to as
    line mass and combine Oriental and European
    ideas

49
European Style
  • American floral design uses more materials than
    the Oriental but far fewer than the European
  • US floral design is often built around linear
    patterns, showing the Oriental influence.
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