Overview Monitoring, Mitigation, and Verification MMV Programs For Carbon Sequestration Phase II

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Overview Monitoring, Mitigation, and
Verification (MMV) Programs For Carbon
SequestrationPhase II

• Ivan Krapac
• Illinois State Geological Survey
• Midwest Geological
• Sequestration Consortium
• www.sequestration.org

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WHY MMV?

• Assure sequestration is safe. HHE
• Track CO2 migration to determine if beyond site
  boundaries. Mineral property rights of land
  owners/leases.
• Determine if CO2 is seeping to the atmosphere.
  CO2 credits for reduced emissions.
• Provide data to calibrate and validate models for
  CO2 migration to predict long term storage.

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MMV Approach

• Develop a tailored and dynamic program specific
  to each site to focus on greatest potential risks
  for CO2 leakage from injection formation.
• Use multiple techniques to monitor CO2 migration.
• Develop site specific mitigation plans.
• Extent of MMV program will depend on amount of
  CO2 injected, duration of study, potential risks
  for CO2 migration (knowledge of site geology),
  and potential for full-scale injection facility.

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Summary of PHASE II Pilots For Seven Partnerships
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MMV Components
1. Site Assessment

• Determine geology and hydrology.
• Determine location of wells (oil, water,
  abandoned) and other potential risk areas
  (faults) in vicinity of injection well.
• Construct sampling plan to incorporate various
  MMV monitoring techniques.
• Multiple sampling at same locations.

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MMV Components
2. Atmospheric Monitoring

• Measure ambient air quality-to insure worker
  safety
• Measure net surface CO2 flux
• Measure soil CO2 flux

(Oldenburg, LBNL)
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MMV Components
3. Remote Sensing

• Use color infrared, hyperspectral imagery and
  aerial photography, to provide base map to
  determine plant stress.

Aerial view of crop stress due to leakage of
natural gas
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MMV Components
4. Monitoring Soil Gas in Vadose Zone

• Measure soil pore gas concentrations, tracers,
  and isotopic composition using drive points, IR,
  GC, and mass spectrometry

(Oldenburg, LBNL)
ISGS isotope mass spectrometer
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MMV Components
5. Shallow Geophysical Monitoring

• Use Electromagnetic Induction and
• High Resolution Electrical Earth Resistivity to
• Indicate areas that may have increased vapor
  content in shallow geologic material.

ISGS conducting EM survey
ISGS conducting resistivity survey
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MMV Components
6. Shallow Groundwater Monitoring

• Use existing wells install monitoring wells to
• Determine shallow groundwater flow regime.
• Determine water quality with emphasis on
  carbonate chemistry.

Installing monitoring wells
Collecting groundwater samples
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MMV Components
7. Injection Well Monitoring

• Use down hole logging to
• Determine geology, casing integrity, mineralogy
  and measure moisture, density, seismic
  velocities, and salinity.
• Measure wellhead pressures

Logging test well
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MMV Components
8. CO2 Monitoring

• Measure CO2 injection rate
• Measure CO2 injection volume
• Determine CO2 isotopic composition

Collecting landfill gas samples for isotopic and
chemical composition
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MMV Components
9. Injection and Caprock Formation Monitoring

• Measure pressure, temperature
• Determine gas concentrations and isotopic
  signature
• Determine fluid chemistry
• Determine CO2 migration (seismic)

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MMV Components
10. Validation by Modeling

• CO2 migration in vadose zone and atmosphere
  (TOUGH, CL3)
• Thermodynamic geochemical model (MINTEQ, PHREEQE,
  TOUGHREACT, GEOCHEMIST WORKBENCH)
• Groundwater flow and contaminant transport
  (GMS-Modflow/Modaem, TOUGH2)
• Reservoir engineering models (COMET)

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Near Surface MMV Techniques Used for Pilots
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Subsurface MMV Techniques Used for Pilots
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Subsurface MMV Techniques Used for Pilots
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Issues to Resolve

• Detection limits of methods and how they relate
  to specific leakage rates.
• CO2 effects on formation and caprock integrity.
• Utilize UIC experience in disposal of acid
  wastes. Ex. IL- 1973, Mt. Simon/Potosi, 55-75 mgy
  of 0.7-3.2 HCl

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MMV Methods -Research

• Airplane reconnaissance of atmospheric CO2
  fluxes- U of AL has a plane based Eddy Covariance
  system to measure CO2 fluxes over crop fields.
• Thermal Infrared Imagery
• Area composite soil gas sampling.

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Thermal Infrared Imagery

• SoyFACE experience
• Soybeans react with CO2
• stomata constrict
• restrict transpiration of H2O
• plants warm up 2o C

Applies to C3 plants (broadleaf) but C4 plants
(grasses) may also be affected.
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Thermal IR Image of Soybean Field

• White area represents a 3-5 degree increase in
  soybean temp.
• Atmospheric CO2 concentrations 1000-2000 ppm.

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Composite Gas Sampler

• Replace/ supplement point measuring soil gas
  probes?
• Reduce sampling while increasing area of
  monitoring.
• Effective detection distance 30 m vs. 5 m for gas
  probes

Liang and Kuo. 2006. Groundwater Monitoring
Remediation
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Conclusions

• Site specific MMV programs will be required based
  on site location (land vs. ocean), geology, and
  sequestration goals.
• No one MMV program fits all situations.
• MMV programs of Phase II partners are using
  multiple monitoring techniques.
• Phase II partners are using similar MMV
  techniques.

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Conclusions

• Additional efforts are required to evaluate MMV
  method/s with regard to sensitivity/detection
  limits in relation to leakage volume.
• Based on UIC, EOR, Natural Gas storage, and
  pioneering CO2 sequestration experiences there
  are techniques available to meet many of the MMV
  program goals.

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Questions?
Midwest Geological Sequestration
Consortium www.sequestration.org
Redman, USGS