Title: Overview Monitoring, Mitigation, and Verification MMV Programs For Carbon Sequestration Phase II
1Overview Monitoring, Mitigation, and
Verification (MMV) Programs For Carbon
SequestrationPhase II
- Ivan Krapac
- Illinois State Geological Survey
- Midwest Geological
- Sequestration Consortium
- www.sequestration.org
2WHY MMV?
- Assure sequestration is safe. HHE
- Track CO2 migration to determine if beyond site
boundaries. Mineral property rights of land
owners/leases. - Determine if CO2 is seeping to the atmosphere.
CO2 credits for reduced emissions. - Provide data to calibrate and validate models for
CO2 migration to predict long term storage.
3MMV Approach
- Develop a tailored and dynamic program specific
to each site to focus on greatest potential risks
for CO2 leakage from injection formation. - Use multiple techniques to monitor CO2 migration.
- Develop site specific mitigation plans.
- Extent of MMV program will depend on amount of
CO2 injected, duration of study, potential risks
for CO2 migration (knowledge of site geology),
and potential for full-scale injection facility.
4Summary of PHASE II Pilots For Seven Partnerships
5MMV Components
1. Site Assessment
- Determine geology and hydrology.
- Determine location of wells (oil, water,
abandoned) and other potential risk areas
(faults) in vicinity of injection well. - Construct sampling plan to incorporate various
MMV monitoring techniques. - Multiple sampling at same locations.
6MMV Components
2. Atmospheric Monitoring
- Measure ambient air quality-to insure worker
safety - Measure net surface CO2 flux
- Measure soil CO2 flux
(Oldenburg, LBNL)
7MMV Components
3. Remote Sensing
- Use color infrared, hyperspectral imagery and
aerial photography, to provide base map to
determine plant stress.
Aerial view of crop stress due to leakage of
natural gas
8MMV Components
4. Monitoring Soil Gas in Vadose Zone
- Measure soil pore gas concentrations, tracers,
and isotopic composition using drive points, IR,
GC, and mass spectrometry
(Oldenburg, LBNL)
ISGS isotope mass spectrometer
9MMV Components
5. Shallow Geophysical Monitoring
- Use Electromagnetic Induction and
- High Resolution Electrical Earth Resistivity to
- Indicate areas that may have increased vapor
content in shallow geologic material.
ISGS conducting EM survey
ISGS conducting resistivity survey
10MMV Components
6. Shallow Groundwater Monitoring
- Use existing wells install monitoring wells to
- Determine shallow groundwater flow regime.
- Determine water quality with emphasis on
carbonate chemistry.
Installing monitoring wells
Collecting groundwater samples
11MMV Components
7. Injection Well Monitoring
- Use down hole logging to
- Determine geology, casing integrity, mineralogy
and measure moisture, density, seismic
velocities, and salinity. - Measure wellhead pressures
Logging test well
12MMV Components
8. CO2 Monitoring
- Measure CO2 injection rate
- Measure CO2 injection volume
- Determine CO2 isotopic composition
Collecting landfill gas samples for isotopic and
chemical composition
13MMV Components
9. Injection and Caprock Formation Monitoring
- Measure pressure, temperature
- Determine gas concentrations and isotopic
signature - Determine fluid chemistry
- Determine CO2 migration (seismic)
14MMV Components
10. Validation by Modeling
- CO2 migration in vadose zone and atmosphere
(TOUGH, CL3) - Thermodynamic geochemical model (MINTEQ, PHREEQE,
TOUGHREACT, GEOCHEMIST WORKBENCH) - Groundwater flow and contaminant transport
(GMS-Modflow/Modaem, TOUGH2) - Reservoir engineering models (COMET)
15Near Surface MMV Techniques Used for Pilots
16Subsurface MMV Techniques Used for Pilots
17Subsurface MMV Techniques Used for Pilots
18Issues to Resolve
- Detection limits of methods and how they relate
to specific leakage rates. - CO2 effects on formation and caprock integrity.
- Utilize UIC experience in disposal of acid
wastes. Ex. IL- 1973, Mt. Simon/Potosi, 55-75 mgy
of 0.7-3.2 HCl
19MMV Methods -Research
- Airplane reconnaissance of atmospheric CO2
fluxes- U of AL has a plane based Eddy Covariance
system to measure CO2 fluxes over crop fields. - Thermal Infrared Imagery
- Area composite soil gas sampling.
20Thermal Infrared Imagery
- SoyFACE experience
- Soybeans react with CO2
- stomata constrict
- restrict transpiration of H2O
- plants warm up 2o C
Applies to C3 plants (broadleaf) but C4 plants
(grasses) may also be affected.
21Thermal IR Image of Soybean Field
- White area represents a 3-5 degree increase in
soybean temp. - Atmospheric CO2 concentrations 1000-2000 ppm.
22Composite Gas Sampler
- Replace/ supplement point measuring soil gas
probes? - Reduce sampling while increasing area of
monitoring. - Effective detection distance 30 m vs. 5 m for gas
probes
Liang and Kuo. 2006. Groundwater Monitoring
Remediation
23Conclusions
- Site specific MMV programs will be required based
on site location (land vs. ocean), geology, and
sequestration goals. - No one MMV program fits all situations.
- MMV programs of Phase II partners are using
multiple monitoring techniques. - Phase II partners are using similar MMV
techniques.
24Conclusions
- Additional efforts are required to evaluate MMV
method/s with regard to sensitivity/detection
limits in relation to leakage volume. - Based on UIC, EOR, Natural Gas storage, and
pioneering CO2 sequestration experiences there
are techniques available to meet many of the MMV
program goals.
25Questions?
Midwest Geological Sequestration
Consortium www.sequestration.org
Redman, USGS