Cumulative Deposition from OBOD for Preparing Predictive Risk Assessment Associated with Subpart X P

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Cumulative Deposition from OB/OD for Preparing
Predictive Risk Assessment Associated with
Subpart X Permitting

• Brian Derry
• EnSafe Inc., 5724 Summer Trees Drive, Memphis, TN
• Tel [phone] Fax[phone]
• www.ensafe.com
• Venkat V. Devarakonda and N. Albert Moussa
• BlazeTech Corp., 24 Thorndike St., Cambridge, MA
  02141
• Tel [phone] Fax [phone]
• www.blazetech.com

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Overview

• Permitting Issues
• Site Location
• Site specific Meteorology
• Constituent Information
• Emission Data
• Cumulative Deposition
• Documentation

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Permitting Issues

• Air Pathway
• Total Suspended Particulates
• Products of Combustion
• and Gaseous Pollutants
• Soil Pathway
• Deposition
• Predictive Risk Assessment

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Site Location

• Key parameters involved
• Low population density
• Low Traffic
• Stable and predictable atmospheric conditions
• Location Away from water bodies
• Specific Locations of Sensitive Receptors
• Human
• Ecological

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Site Meteorology

• Ambient Conditions
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Humidity
• Roughness length

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Site Meteorology

• Location
• Latitude
• Longitude
• Elevation
• Wind Measurement height

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Other Factors to be Considered

• Soil Conditions
• Type-plastic loam, moraine loam, water-bearing
  sand, and water bearing loam
• Composition-30 sand, 60 clay, and 10 weak
  limestone

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Typical Munitions Treated

• Bulk Explosives
• Fuses
• Demolition Material
• Projectiles
• Cartridges
• Explosive components
• Untreated Wood
• Bombs
• Rockets

• Selected warheads
• Grenades
• Boosters
• Mines
• Propellant
• Diesel Fuel
• Small Arms
• PPE
• Paper etc..

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Munitions Constituent Data

• Constituent data for each type of munition is
  compiled from the Munitions Items Disposition
  Action System (MIDAS)
• Listed by NSN
• Constituent
• CAS Information
• Weight
• Includes Casing Information

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Munitions Constituent Data

• Treatment Scenarios
• Operations are typically limited by total NEW
• Consider historical treatment scenarios if
  available
• Actual treatment scenarios usually have multiple
  types of munitions
• Fuses Rockets Grenades or
• Boosters Bombs Small arms

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Munitions Constituent Data

• Break items in each scenario down into components
  and sum similar components

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Classical Dispersion
Problem Need Emission Factors as Source Term
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Key Processes Affecting Emission Factors
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Typical Modeling Shortfalls

• Typical models have several limitations
• Cannot Predict Products of combustion
• Must use emission factors or
• calculate products of combustion and enter the
  results into a model
• Air moisture entrainment is estimated
• OBODM must rerun for each pollutant
• OBODM cannot handle multiple munitions items at
  once without emission factors

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ADORA SOLUTION

• ADORA is the only software that
• Performs dispersion calculations
• without emission factors
• without arbitrary assumptions
• air entrainment
• reaction completeness
• Couples Atmospheric Dispersion with time varying
  chemistry

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ADORA SOLUTION Contd

• Fireball temperature
• Reaction Products
• initial
• intermediate
• and final
• Accounts for
• air and moisture entrainment
• heat release
• cloud behavior

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ADORA Background

• Developed for munitions testing under Air Force
  contract 1993-1996
• Code extended for use with
• OB/OD
• Chemical fires and explosions
• Various types of moisture reactive chemical
  releases

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Comparison of ADORA and Other Codes
Thermochemical equilibrium calculations before
air dispersion modeling
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Uniqueness of ADORA

• Entrainment rates are calculated as the cloud
  evolves
• Partially Constrained Equilibrium (Kinetic
  Approximations)
• Coupling of Chemistry and Entrainment
• Below Ground Detonation Model
• Fireball and Tail Model
• Instantaneous Puff Rise Model

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Inputs to ADORA

• Release type
• open burn
• above ground detonation
• below ground detonation
• Release Composition
• Quantity
• Type

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Inputs to ADORA Contd

• Meteorological
• release time and location
• Site specific conditions
• temperature
• pressure
• humidity
• wind speed
• roughness
• stability parameters

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Outputs of ADORA

• Active Dispersion Phase
• cloud height
• temperature
• density
• volume
• concentration as a function of
• time
• space

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Outputs of ADORA Contd

• Transition Phase
• cloud composition
• location
• size
• Passive Dispersion Phase
• Downwind Concentrations
• dosages
• deposition

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Sample Calculations--ADORA Inputs

• Release type-Above ground Open Detonation
• Release Composition-55 constituents
• energetic materials
• metals
• binders
• inert

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Sample Calculations--ADORA Inputs Contd

• 2 sets of meteorological conditions
• Set 1
• wind speed 2 m/s
• stability class B
• Set 2
• wind speed 4.5 m/s
• stability class C
• All other conditions are maintained

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ADORA Outputs-Cloud Properties at Transition to
Passive Dispersion
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X-Z Concentration Contours of NO (mg/m3)
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Deposition Contours of PbO2 (mg/m3)
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Cumulative Effect of Proposed OB/OD Operations

• Most hazardous species emitted into atmosphere
  condensates containing toxic metals such as Pb,
  Cd, Cr, Sn, Sb, As, B, Ba, Mn, etc.
• Condensates eventually deposit on the ground

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Cumulative Effect of Proposed OB/OD Operations
Contd

• Summation based on
• Inputs -- not realistic
• Outputs -- averaging based on changes in wind
  direction during the year

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Cumulative Deposition Estimates

• Multiply ADORA outputs by number of events per
  year and life expectancy of unit in years
• Distribute data in multiple directions based on
  actual data.
• Only consider met data that is valid when unit is
  operated (i.e. daytime, without precipitation)

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Cumulative Deposition Isopleth
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Use Isopleths for Conducting Predictive Risk
Assessments

• Provides estimates of future soil concentrations
  for preparation of risk assessment
• Provides for acute and chronic exposures
  assessments
• Eliminate receptors that are not within the
  deposition area.

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Conclusions

• Developed a protocol for the preparation of the
  permit application
• Emission factor based techniques were inadequate
  to accurately predict the toxic emission and
  hazard areas associated with the proposed OB/OD
  operations
• Employed ADORA