Title: 10th American History Unit IV- A Champion of Democracy
110th American HistoryUnit IV- A Champion of
Democracy
- Chapter 14 Section 4
- The Homefront
2The Home Front
- The Main Idea
- While millions of military men and women were
serving in World War II, Americans on the home
front were making contributions of their own. - Reading Focus
- What sacrifices and struggles did Americans at
home experience? - How did the U.S. government seek to win American
support for the war? - What was Japanese internment?
- How did World War II help expand the role of the
government in the lives of the American people?
3Sacrifice and Struggle for Americans at Home
- Americans planted victory gardens.
- The United States began rationing food items such
as coffee, butter, sugar, and meat. - Metal, glass, rubber, and gasoline were scarce
goods. - Americans held scrap drives to collect waste
materials that might be used in the war effort.
Conserving Food and other Goods
- Americans bought billions of dollars worth of war
bonds. - Over half of the population did their civic duty
and bought war bonds.
Investing in Victory
- Families dealt with the absence of loved ones by
displaying a flag with a blue star. - Americans read news accounts of the war with
great interest (Ernie Pyle newspaper
journalist).
Paying the Personal Price
4War Bonds
- War Bonds provided a crucial source of revenue
for the war effort. By sponsoring public stunts
such as celebrity auctions, the federal
government used War Bonds to sell the war to the
American public instead of relying on American
involvement in the war to sell bonds. - U.S. government to market Series E bonds as "war
bonds", "war loans", "victory bonds", and by
other names meant to appeal to a sense of
patriotism. - By the time war-bond sales ended in 1946, 85
million Americans had purchased more than 185
billion worth of the securities, often through
automatic deductions from their paychecks
5Victory Gardens
- Victory gardens, also called war gardens or food
gardens for defense, were vegetable, fruit and
herb gardens planted at private residences in the
United States, Canada, and United Kingdom during
World War I and World War II to reduce the
pressure on the public food supply brought on by
the war effort. - In addition to indirectly aiding the war effort
these gardens were also considered a civil
"morale booster" in that gardeners could feel
empowered by their contribution of labor and
rewarded by the produce grown.
6Scrap Drives
- Recent historical studies indicate that the scrap
drives were more important as morale boosters
than in providing essential products for the war
effort. - But, the general public did get caught up in the
patriotic enthusiasm -- some saved tin foil from
gum wrappers, making a tin foil ball until it
reached a size large enough to be accepted by the
collection site. - Scrap paper was more easily collected and was
used to package armaments. - Grease was saved and recycled to make ammunition.
- Salvaged kitchen fat was used to produce
glycerin, an ingredient in drugs and explosives. - Although the rubber recycling industry did
produce a fair amount of material throughout the
war, the rubber scrap drive didn't significantly
boost its output. The real solution to the rubber
shortage was development of synthetic rubber and
conservation. - Gas rationing was primarily meant to save tires,
not gas. - Recycling of steel and iron unquestionably
helped. One campaign netted five million tons of
steel in just three weeks, and scrap-metal drives
continued for most of the war. But could go too
far.
7Rationing
- NOT ALL FOOD IS RATIONED - Chief un-rationed
items are eggs, fresh fruits and vegetables,
dried and dehydrated fruits (prunes, raisins,
etc.) fish and shellfish of all varieties except
that in sealed containers, bread and cereals,
milk, grain products such as spaghetti, macaroni
and noodles, poultry and game, jams, preserves
and jellies, mayonnaise and salad dressing,
perishable cheeses. - RED STAMP RATIONING - This covers all meats,
butter, fats and oils, and cheese (except the
soft, perishable varieties). Each person is
allowed sixteen points a week. Red coupons in War
Ration Book 2 marked D are valid this week. These
coupons and any A, B and C coupons saved from the
preceding three weeks may be used at any time
through April 30. - BLUE STAMP RATIONING - G, H and J blue stamps in
War Ration Book 2, worth a total of forty-eight
points a person, become valid tomorrow, April 24,
and are good throughout the month of May. D, E
and F blue stamps, in use since March 25, expire
Friday, April 30. Thus there will be an overlap
period of one week in which all six stamps will
be valid. These stamps cover canned, bottled and
frozen fruits and vegetables and their juices,
dry beans, peas, lentils, etc., and processed
foods such as soups, baby foods, baked beans,
catsup and chili sauce.
8Rationing
- Civilian consumption increased 22 during the
war. - Production stopped on many civilian items, such
as automobiles, new houses, and new appliances. - Many commodities, such as meat, sugar, butter,
coffee, gasoline, tires, shoes and clothing were
rationed. - Local schools set up stations where people could
get their ration coupons (with teachers handling
the paperwork.) - Each person (regardless of age) received the same
food and clothing coupons. - To purchase an item three things were needed
- the storekeeper had to have the item in the first
place - the purchaser had to have the cash, and had to
have the coupons - Most automobile drivers received coupons for 3
gallons a week - There was plenty of gasoline the rationing was
an efficient way to ration automobile tires - Bread, milk and beer were not rationed.
- People eating in restaurants had to pay with cash
and ration coupons. - Rationing was generally supported by the civilian
population, although there was some black market
activity, that is, purchase of an item without
the coupons. - The government hunted down and prosecuted black
marketeers. - There was much "gray market" activity--that is
family and neighbors selling or trading ration
coupons that was technically illegal but rarely
prosecuted.
9Cinema Stars Aid America's War Bond Drive (0122)
10Service Star Banner
- Display of the Service Star Banner first came
about during World War I. During WWI and WWII
most flags were hand made by mothers across the
nation. One of the most famous flags was that of
the five Sullivan brothers who all perished on
the U.S.S. Juneau. - Each blue star on the flag represents a service
member in active duty. A gold star is displayed
if a service member is killed in action or dies
in service. If several stars are displayed in one
family the gold star takes the honor of being
placed at the top.
11Sacrifice and Struggle at Home
- What sacrifices and struggles did Americans at
home experience? - Identify- What kinds of materials were collected
in scrap drives? - Summarize How did rationing work?
- Predict If Americans had not purchased war
bonds, how might the U.S. have financed the war
effort?
12American Support for the War
Roosevelt called on the nation to protect the
four freedoms freedom of speech, freedom of
worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.
The Office of War Information spread propaganda,
or information and ideas designed to promote a
cause. Examples included posters encouraging
people to join the armed forces or to save
gasoline. The OWI also warned the public about
the dangers they faced.
Hollywood made a series of patriotic films that
featured soldiers and workers on the home front.
Sometimes the drive to influence public attitudes
led to conflict. For example, the Barnette
ruling argued that Americans could not be forced
to salute the flag.
13Office of War Information
- The Office of War Information (OWI) was created
in 1942 and served as an important U.S.
government propaganda agency during World War II. - The OWI was established by Executive Order 9182
on June 13, 1942. - sought to review and approve the design and
content of government posters. To inspire fear
and show harmful outcomes of improper actions and
attitudes. - directly produced radio series.
- produced a series of 267 newsreels in 16 mm film.
- established the Voice of America in 1942.
- contained two photographic units whose
photographers documented the country's
mobilization during the early years of the war,
concentrating on such topics as aircraft
factories and women in the workforce.
14West Virginia State Board of Education v.
Barnette,
- (1943) was a decision by the Supreme Court of the
United States that held that the Free Speech
Clause of the First Amendment to the United
States Constitution protected students from being
forced to salute the American flag and say the
Pledge of Allegiance in school. - It was a significant court victory won by
Jehovah's Witnesses, whose religion forbade them
from saluting or pledging to political
institutions or symbols. However, the Court did
not address the effect the compelled salutation
and recital ruling had upon their particular
religious beliefs, but instead ruled that the
state did not have the power to compel speech in
that manner for anyone.
15FDR Four Freedoms
- Freedoms are goals famously articulated by United
States President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the
State of the Union Address he delivered to the
77th United States Congress on January 6, 1941. - In an address also known as the Four Freedoms
speech, Roosevelt enumerated four points as
fundamental freedoms humans "everywhere in the
world" ought to enjoy - Freedom of speech and expression
- Freedom of every person to worship God in his own
way - Freedom from want
- Freedom from fear
16Winning American Support for the War
- How did the U.S. government seek to win American
support for the war? - Identify- What were Roosevelts Four Freedoms?
- Evaluate Do you think that the government
needed to create an agency to build support for
the war effort? Explain your answer.
17Winning American Support for the War
- Summarize- What part did the Hollywood film
industry play in the war effort? - Evaluate Why did the Jehovahs Witnesses
challenge a law requiring students to salute the
American flag?
18Japanese American Internment
- Executive Order 9066
- After Pearl Harbor, military officials began to
investigate the Japanese American community for
signs of spying or other illegal activity. - It was recommended that all people of Japanese
background be removed from the West Coast. - Order 9066 established military zones and could
force people to leave these zones. - Japanese Americans in California, Washington,
Oregon, and Arizona were forced into internment
camps. - Many lost their homes and businesses.
- Japanese American Loyalty
- While interned, Japanese Americans were forced to
answer questions about their loyalty to the
United States. - German and Italian Americans also faced
restrictions. - Many young people from the camps joined the armed
forces to prove their loyalty. - Not all Japanese Americans accepted their
internment peacefully. - Some mounted legal challenges such as Korematsu
v. United States.
19Nisei Japanese-Americans During Wartime (0105)
20Executive Order 9066 Japanese Internment Camps
(0346)
21Korematsu v. United States (1944)
- The Supreme Court tried to find the right balance
between the rights of Japanese Americans and
wartime needs. - Fred Korematsu refused the executive order that
relocated 110,000 Japanese Americans to
internment camps. - Korematsu was born in Oakland, California, and
was an American citizen. - He was arrested and then appealed his case to the
Supreme Court. - The Supreme Court ruled against Korematsu stating
that the relocation order was justified as a
temporary wartime measure. - He continued to work for civil rights and had his
conviction overturned in 1983.
22Japanese Internment
- What was Japanese internment?
- Explain- What did Executive Order 9066 do?
- Make Inferences Why do you think some Japanese
Americans were interned in barren areas, far from
their homes? - Elaborate Why do you think only Japanese
Americans and not German Americans, were singled
out for internment?
23New Roles for Federal Government
- The Office of Price Administration placed limits
on the prices businesses could charge for
products and materials. - The War Production Board made sure the military
got the products and resources it needed. - The WPB placed limits on clothing manufacturers.
- The WPB placed restrictions on clothing. For
examples, jackets were only allowed to be a
certain length. - Government spending during the war rose sharply.
Most of the money went to the armed forces. - The government increased income tax rates to help
pay for the war. Millions paid income taxes for
the very first time.
24Office of Price Administration
- The functions of the OPA- (established to prevent
wartime inflation) - stabilize prices (price controls) and rents after
the outbreak of World War II. - place ceilings on all prices except agricultural
commodities - ration scarce supplies of other items, including
tires, automobiles, shoes, nylon, sugar,
gasoline, fuel oil, coffee, meats and processed
foods. At the peak, almost 90 of retail food
prices were frozen. - It could also authorize subsidies for production
of some of those commodities.
25War Production Board
- To ensure that the armed forces and war
industries received the resources for their
ever-growing needs. - Decided which companies would convert from
peacetime to wartime production and allocated raw
materials to key industries. - Organized nationwide drives to collect scrap
iron, tin cans, paper, rags, and cooking fat for
recycling into war goods.
26Taxes
- Beginning in 1940, the government extended the
income tax to virtually all Americans and began
collecting the tax via the now-familiar method of
continuous withholdings from paychecks (rather
than lump-sum payments after the fact). The
number of Americans required to pay federal taxes
rose from 4 million in 1939 to 43 million in
1945. - All told, taxes provided about 136.8 billion of
the war's total cost of 304 billion
27A New Role for the Federal Government
- How did World War II help expand the role of the
government in the lives of the American people? - Explain How did the federal government raise
money to help pay for the war effort? - Make Inferences What was the connection between
the War Production Board and the fashion industry?