CHILD ADOLESCENT ADHD SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 87
About This Presentation
Title:

CHILD ADOLESCENT ADHD SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

Description:

CHILD ADOLESCENT ADHD SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:839
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 88
Provided by: jamescmon
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: CHILD ADOLESCENT ADHD SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT


1
CHILD ADOLESCENT ADHD SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS AND
TREATMENT
  • John R. Sealy, M.D., D.L.F.A.P.A.
  • SEPTEMBER 15, 2009

2
DISCLOSURES
  • Speaker for McNeil, Shire
  • Own stocks in Johnson and Johnson, Shire, Novartis

3
WHAT IS ADHD?
  • ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
    (ADHD) IS A COMMON CHRONIC PERSISTENT
    NEUROBEHAVIORAL DISORDER WITH ONSET OF SYMPTOMS
    BEFORE AGE 7, DEVELOPMENTALLY INAPPROPRIATE
    LEVELS OF INATTENTION AND/OR HYPERACTIVITY AND
    IMPULSIVITY AND
    CLINICALLY
    SIGNIFICANT IMPAIRMENT IN 2 OR MORE SETTINGS (AT
    SCHOOL, AT HOME, AND IN PEER SETTINGS)

4
HYPERFOCUS ON THE FLIP SIDE, THE HALLMARK
SYMPTOM OF ADHD IS THE PHENOMENON OF INTERESTED
BASE PERFORMANCE. THAT IS, PEOPLE WITH ADHD CAN
PERFORM AT A VERY HIGH LEVEL AS LONG AS THEY FIND
THE WORK INTERESTING, CHALLENGING AND NOVEL 1
1.Flippin, R., Breaking the Spell of Hyperfocus,
ADDitude. 2005 Oct/Nov33-34
5
HYPERFOCUS
  • HYPERFOCUS CAN BE SO STRONG AT TIMES, THAT AN
    ADHD PERSON CAN BE OBLIVIOUS TO THE WORLD AROUND
    THEM, EG. VIDEO GAMES, TV, SHOPPING, SURFING THE
    INTERNET
  • HOURS CAN DRIFT BY AS IMPORTANT TASKS AND
    RELATIONSHIPS FALL BY THE WAYSIDE
  • 1.Flippin, R., Breaking the Spell of Hyperfocus,
    ADDitude. 2005Oct/Nov33-34

6
ADHD IS BETTER SEEN AS A DISREGULATED ATTENTION
SYSTEM
  • LIKE DISTRACTIBILITY, HYPERFOCUS HAS BEEN THOUGHT
    TO RESULT FROM ABNORMALLY LOW LEVELS OF DOPAMINE
    IN THE PRE-FRONTAL CORTEX. NEW EVIDENCE SUGGESTS,
    NOREPINEPHRINE LEVELS ALSO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE
  • THIS MAKES IT HARD TO SHIFT GEARS TO TAKE UP
    BORING-BUT-NECESSARY TASKS
  • R. BARKLEY, PHD, AGREES THAT ADHD PEOPLE HAVE
    DIFFICULTY WITH CONTROLLED SHIFTING OF ATTENTION
    FOR ONE THING TO ANOTHER.

7
IN GENERAL,CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH ADHD
  • LIVE OUTSIDE OF TIME
  • LIVE IN THE HERE AND NOW
  • HAVE POOR PLANNING SKILLS
  • DO NOT FOCUS IN A LINEAR PROGRESSION
  • HAVE POOR SHORT TERM or WORKING MEMORY

8
THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX REGULATES ATTENTION,
BEHAVIOR AND EMOTION IN THREE SUB-REGIONS
  • DORSOLATERAL PFC
  • THE RIGHT INFERIOR PFC
  • THE VENTROMEDIAL PFC

9
ADHD IS SEEN AS A CHEMCIAL IMBALANCE IN
PRE-FRONTAL CORTEXAFFECTING WORKING MEMORY
  • DORSO-LATERAL PFC INHIBITORY PROJECTIONS TO
    PARIETAL, TEMPORAL AND OTHER MANTLE CORTICES ARE
    THOUGHT TO REGULATE ATTENION
  • 1.Chao LL, Knight RT. Neuroreport.
    199561605-1610
  • 2.Woods, DL, Knight RT. Neurology. 1986
    36212-216
  • 3.Wilkins, AJ, et al. Neuropsychologia.
    1987253590365
  • 4.Amsten AFT, et al. J. Child Adolesc
    Psychopharmacol. 2007 17393-406

10
ADHD IS SEEN AS A CHEMCIAL IMBALANCE IN
PRE-FRONTAL CORTEXAFFECTING WORKING MEMORY
  • RIGHT INFERIOR PFC PROJECTIONS INTO THE MOTOR
    AND PREMOTOR CORTICES, BASAL GANGLIA AND
    CEREBELLUM VIA PONS ARE THOUGHT TO BE INVOLVED IN
  • BEHAVIOR INHIBITION. IMPAIRMENT MAY LEAD TO
    SYMPTOMS OF IMPULSIVITY AND HYPERACTIVITY
  • 1.Aron AR, Poldrack RA. Biol Psychiatry.
    2005571285-1292
  • 2.Aron AR, et al. Trends Cogn Sci. 20048170-177
  • 3.Amsten AFT, et al. J. Child Adolesc
    Psychopharmacol. 2007 17393-406

11
ADHD IS SEEN AS A CHEMCIAL IMBALANCE IN
PRE-FRONTAL CORTEXAFFECTING WORKING MEMORY
  • THE VENTORMEDIAL PFC IS THOUGHT TO REGULATE
    EMOTION THROUGH THE BASAL GANGLIA, AMYGDALA,
    HYPOTHALAMUS AND BRAINSTEM. IMPAIRMENT MAY LEAD
    TO AGGRESSIVE AND OPPOSITIONAL BEHAVIOR.
  • 1.Anderson SW, et al. Nat Neuorsci.
    199921032-1037
  • 2.Amsten AFT, et al. J. Child Adolesc
    Psychopharmacol. 2007 17393-406
  • 3.Price KL, et al. Prog Brain Re.
    1996107523-536

12
IMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR IN CHILD/ADOLESCENT ADHD MAY
LEAD TO
  • POOR DECISION MAKING
  • POOR LISTENING, TENDENCY TO INTERRUPT
  • IMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR
  • LOW TOLERANCE FOR FRUSTRATION, QUICK TO ANGER
  • POOR PEER RELATIONSHIPS
  • RECKLESS DRIVING, SPEEDING
  • DIFFICULTY WAITING TURN (LINES, TRAFFIC)
  • RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

13
HYPERACTIVITY IN CHILD/ADOLESCENT ADHD MAY CAUSE
  • FIDGETING OF HANDS AND FEET
  • INNER SENSE OF RESTLESSNESS
  • EXCESSIVE TALKING
  • INABILITY TO SIT STILL FOR LONG PERIODS (e.g.
    THROUGH CLASSES, HOMEWORK, CONVERSATIONS.)

14
INABILITY TO SUSTAIN ATTENTION IN
CHILD/ADOLESCENT ADHD MAY LEAD TO
  • POOR ACADEMIC OR JOB PERFORMANCE
  • DEFICIENT READING COMPREHENSION
  • DISTRACTIBILITY
  • INABILITY TO FOLLOW DIRECTIONS, COMPLETE TASKS
  • PROCRASTINATION, TROUBLE INITIATING TASKS
  • FORGETFULNESS
  • UNRELIABILITY

15
ADHD HISTORICAL TIMELINE
  • IN 1798, CRICHTON WROTE A CHAPTER ON ATTENTION
    AND BEHAVIOR REGULATION USING ANECDOTAL
    DESCRIPTIONS OF PATIENTS WHO HAD THE FIDGETS
  • 1902 PEDIATRICIAN STILL PRESENTED 3 PAPERS ON A
    ATTENTION AND EMOTIONAL DYSREGULATION IN CHILDREN
  • 1971 WENDER DESCRIBED MINIMAL BRAIN DYSFUNCTION

16
ADHD IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS OFTEN PERSISTS INTO
ADULTHOOD1
  • ALTHOUGH SOME SYMPTOMS (PARTICULARLY MOTOR
    HYPERACTIVITY) MAY LESSEN DURING ADULTHOOD OTHERS
    ARE OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRMENTS IN
    FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS (WORK, HOME SOCIAL
    SITUATIONS)2

1.Pliska, S et al, J Am Acad Child Psychiatry
200746894-921
2. American Psychiatric Assoc. DSM IV, 4th ED,
Text Rev. Washington,DCAmerican Psychiatric
Assoc2000
17
ADHD IS A VALID DIAGNOSIS
  • ADULTS WITH ADHD HAD SIGNIFICANT IMPAIRMENT IN
    AUDITORY SUSTAINED ATTENTION AND EXECUTIVE
    COMPONENTS OF VERBAL LEARNING AND ARITHMETIC
    SEIDMAN ET AL (1998)
  • A LARGE PERCENTAGE OF LONGITUDINAL FOLLOW-UP
    STUDIES SHOWED YOUNGSTERS CONTINUED TO HAVE
    IMPAIRING ADHD SYMPTOMS INTO ADOLESCENCE AND
    ADULT HOOD SPENCER ET AL (2002)
  • ADULTS WITH ADHD HAVE A HIGH LEVEL OF POSITIVE
    RESPONSE TO THE SAME STIMULANT AND NON-STIMULANT
    TREATMENTS USED WITH CHILDREN FARAONE ET
    AL (2004)

18
PREVALANCE OF ADHD
  • PREVALANCE OF ADHD IS ESTIMATED AT 3 TO 7 IN
    SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN DSM IV, 4TH ED
  • UP TO 65 WILL EXHIBIT SYMPTOMS IN ADULTHOOD1
  • PREVALANCE OF ADHD IN ADULTS 4.4 KESSLER ET
    AL.
  • 1.DULCAN M et al, J AM ACAD CHIL ADOLESC
    PSYCHIATRY, 199736 (SUPPL)85S-121S
  • 2.KESSLER ET AL, AMER J PSYCHIATRY
    2006163716-723

19
ADHD HAS STRONG GENETICUNDERPINNINGS
  • FAMILY STUDIES SHOW PARENTS OF ADHD CHILDREN ARE
    2 TO 8 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO HAVE ADHD THEMSELVES
    (FARAONETSUANG, 1995)
  • HIGHER RATES OF ADHD AMONG RELATIVES, EVEN AS
    ADHD CRITERIA HAVE CHANGED OVER TIME (BIEDERMAN
    ET AL 1990 FAFARONE ET 2000)
  • TWIN STUDIES SUGGEST APPROXIMATELY 80
    HERITABILITY FOR ADHD AND ADOPTION STUDIES SHOW
    CONSISTENTLY HEREDITY IS CENTRAL IN TRANSMISSION
    (WILENS ET AL, 2002)

20
CONSEQUENCES OF UNTREATED CHILD/ADOLESCENT/ADULT
ADHD AS COMPARED WITH NORMAL CONTROLS
  • MORE GRADE RETENTION (42 vs 13)
  • LOWER GRADE POINT AVERAGES(1.7vs2.6)
  • HIGHER DROPOUT RATES (32 vs 0)
  • HIGHER SUSPENSION RATES (60 vs 19)
  • LOWER COLLEGE ENTRANCE (22 vs 77)
  • LOWER COLLEGE GRADUATION(5vs35)
  • IN WORK FORCE, LOWER WORK PERFORMANCE, MORE
    LIKELY TO BE FIRED AND HIGHER JOB TURNOVER
  • BARKLEY, R ET AL, ADHD IN ADULTS, pp 130-169
    GUILFORD PRESS 2008

21
CONSEQUENCES OF UNTREATED CHILD/ADOLESCENT/ADULT
ADHD AS COMPARED WITH NORMAL CONTROLS
  • 2X HIGHER RISK FOR TOBACCO SMOKING
  • 2.5X HIGHER RISK FOR ALCOHOL ABUSE
  • 2X HIGHER RISK FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE
  • 4X MORE LIKELY TO CONTRACT STDS
  • 10X HIGHER RISK FOR UNPLANNED PREGNANCY
  • 2X TO 6X HIGER RATE FOR SUSPENDED OR REVOKED
    DRIVERS LICENSE, MORE TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS,
    SPEEDING TICKETS, ACCIDENTS, AUTO DAMAGE
  • BARKLEY, R ET AL, ADHD IN ADULTS WHAT THE SCIENCE
    SAYS, pp 130-169 GUILFORD PRESS 2008

22
CONSEQUENCES OF UNTREATED ADULT ADHD AS COMPARED
WITH NORMAL CONTROLS
  • EMPLOYERS RATE ADHD EMPLOYEES AS HAVING VERY LOW
    PRODUCTIVITY AND HIGH RATES OF ABSENTEEISM
  • HIGH RATES OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS
  • COST FOR MEDICAL CARE TWICE AS HIGH FOR ADULTS
    WITH ADHD
  • INCREASED SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE RISKS

23
DIAGNOSIS OF ADHD
24
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF ADHD
  • SYMPTOM ASSESSMENT IS IMPORTANT, BUT CHRONICITY,
    PERVASIVENESS, AND IMPAIRMENT ARE CRITICAL TO
    DIAGNOSIS DSM IV 4TH ED TR
  • DIAGNOSIS BASED ON CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
  • -MEDICAL HISTORY1
  • -FAMILY HISTORY1
  • -ACADEMIC, SOCIAL, OCCUPATIONAL FUNCTIONING1
  • -RATING SCALES ASSIST IN ESTABLISHING SYMPTOMS1
  • -INTERVIEW WITH FAMILY MEMBERS IS HELPFUL1
  • 1. Adler, L, Cohen, J. Psychiatr Clin NAm.
    200427187-201

25
DIAGNOSING ADHD Based on DSM-IV-TR
  • DIAGNOSIS OF ADHD INCLUDES
  • -6/9 INATTENTIVE AND/OR 6/9 HYPERACTIVE-IMPULSIVE
    SYMPTOMS PERSISTENT FOR AT LEAST 6 MONTHS
  • -IMPAIRMENT IN MULTIPLE SETTINGS
  • -CHILDHOOD ONSET BEFORE AGE 7
  • -SYMPTOMS NOT BETTER ACCOUNTED FOR BY ANOTHER
    MENTAL HEALTH DISORDER
  • -CLEAR EVIDENCE OF CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT
    IMPAIRMENT IN ACADEMIC, SOCIAL, OCCUPATIONAL
    FUNTIONING

26
ADHD RATING SCALES FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
  • ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE RATING SCALE(APRS)
  • ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDERS EVALUATION SCALE-3RD
    ED (ADDES-3)PARENT TEACHER
  • ADHD RATING SCALE-IV
  • CHILD BEHAVIOR CHECKLIST (CBCL)
  • CONNERS PARENT RATING SCALE-REVISED AND CONNER
    TEACHER RATING SCALE-REV

27
ADHD RATING SCALES FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
  • CONNERS WELLS ADOLESCENT SELF-REPORT SCALE (CASS)
  • HOME SITUATIONS QUESTIONNAIRE-REVISED (HSQ-R)
    SCHOOL SITUATIONS QUESTIONNAIRE REVISED (SSQ-R)
  • INATTENTION/OVERACTIVITY WITH AGGRESSION (IOWA)
    CONNERS TEACHING SCALE
  • VANDERBILT ADHD DIAGNOSTIC PARENT AND TEACHER
    SCALE

28
HIDDEN ADHD PRESENTATIONS
  • DEPRESSION THAT DOES NOT RESPOND TO
    ANTI-DEPRESSANTS
  • RELATIONSHIP COMPLAINTS
  • SEVERE CLUTTER
  • DRIVING COMPLAINTS
  • MEMORY COMPLAINTS
  • DAYDREAMER ABSENT-MINDED SELF-ESTEEM
    COMPLAINTS
  • ADDICTION TO MARIJUANA, NICOTINE, CAFFEINE,
    COCAINE, ALCOHOL
  • ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR

29
BARKLEYS FINDINGS CHALLENGE THE DSM-IV
  • 18 SYMPTOMS ARE NOT REQUIRED.WAS ABLE TO DX WITH
    97 ACCURACY WITH ONE ITEM OFTEN BEING EASILY
    DISTRACTED BY EXTRANEOUS STIMULI
  • NEED TO SEPARATE IMPULSIVITY (ESPECIALLY VERBAL)
    AS A GREATER PROBLEM IN ADULTS
  • THE CRITERION OF 7 YEARS HAS NO SCIENTIFIC MERIT
    AND SHOULD BE INCREASED TO 14-16 YEARS OF AGE.
    URGES IGNORING 7 YEAR RULE
  • DSM-V MUST HAVE SEPARATE ADULT CRITERIA WITH SIX
    SYMPTOMS
  • BARKLEY, R.A., MURPHY K.R. AND FISCHER M. (2007).
    ADHD IN ADULTSWHAT THE SCIENCE SAYS. NEW
    YORKGUILFORD PRESS PP 128-129

30
EVALUATION OF ADHD
  • RULE OUT MEDICAL/PSYCHIATRIC CONDITONS THAT
    MIMIC OR MAY BE CO-MORBID WITH ADHD
  • HEAD TRAUMA/ HEARING IMPAIRMENT
  • LEARNING DISORDERS
  • NARCOLEPSY/ SLEEP DISORDERS/ SLEEP APNEA
  • PETIT MAL SEIZURES/ ENCEPAHALOPATHY
  • HYPOTHYROIDISM, HYPOGLYCEMIA
  • BORDERLINE INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING
  • PERSONALITY DISORDERS
  • BIPOLAR DISORDER
  • DEPRESSION/ANXIETY

31
EXAMPLES OF SYMPTOMS THAT MAY MIMIC OR BE
CO-MORBID WITH ADHD
  • RESTLESSNESS, IMPULSIVITY (HYPOMANIA IN
    BIPOLAR TYPE II)
  • FORGETFUL, POOR CONCENTRATION, SLUGGISH (SLEEP
    DISTURBANCE, HYPOTHYROID)
  • DIFFICULTY FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS, SLOW PROCESSING
    (LEARNING DISABILTIES)
  • IMPATIENCE, POOR CONCENTRATION (HYPOGLYCEMIA)

32
MTA COMORBIDITY WITH ADHD7-10 YEARS OLD n579
  • ANXIETY DISORDERS 34
  • OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT
  • DISORDER 40
  • CONDUCT DISORDER 14
  • TIC DISORDER 11
  • MOOD DISORDER 4
  • Jensen PS, Hinshaw SP, Kraemer HC, et al. ADHD
    comorbidity findings from the MTA study comparing
    comorbid subgroups. J AM Acad Child Adolesc
    Psychiatry. 200140(2)147-158

33
ADHD INCREASES LIABILITY FOR OTHER PSYCHIATRIC
DISORDERS
  • MORE THAN 80 OF OUR ADHD GROUPS HAD AT
    LEAST ONE OTHER DISORDER, MORE THAN 50 HAD TWO
    OTHER DISORDERS AND MORE THAN A ONE-THIRD HAD AT
    LEAST THREE OTHER DISORDERS
  • BARKLEY, R.A., MURPHY K.R. AND FISCHER M. (2007).
    ADHD IN ADULTSWHAT THE SCIENCE SAYS. NEW
    YORKGUILFORD PRESS P 439

34
EVALUATING LEARNING DISORDERS
  • LEARNING DISORDERS (e.g. READING DISORDER)
    GENERALLY DO NOT RESPOND TO MEDICATIONS1
  • NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING EVALUATES COGNITIVE
    STRENGTHS (e.g. GIFTEDNESS) AND WEAKNESSES (e.g.
    SLOW PROCESSING SPEED AND WORKING MEMORY)
  • 1. HINSHAW SP. J CONSULT CLIN PSYCHOL.
    199260(6)893-903

35
EVALUATION OF SUSPECTED ADHD
  • REMEMBER, ADHD SYMPTOMS UNLIKE OTHER DIAGNOSES
    ARE ALWAYS
  • PERVASIVE
  • PERSISTENT
  • PREDICTABLE

36
COMMON DIAGNOSTIC MISTAKES
  • NOT TAKING ENOUGH TIME. MAY MISS IMPORTANT
    SECONDARY DIAGNOSIS
  • DIAGNOSING SYMPTOMS, NOT PRIMARY PROBLEM.
    ANXIETY/ DEPRESSION MAY BE SECONDARY TO ADHD
  • THINKING ACADEMIC FAILURE IS INTRINSIC TO ADHD.
    MANY CHILDREN DUE WELL BECAUSE THEY WORK SO HARD
  • THINKING HIGH IQ RULES OUT ADHD. CHILD MAY BE
    LABELED LAZY, UNDISCIPLINED, BUT SUFFER ADHD OR A
    LEARNING DISORDER

37
WHY GIRLS ARE MORE LIKELY THAN BOYS TO GO
UNDIAGNOSED OR MISDIAGNOSED
  • YOUNG GIRLS TRY HARDER TO COMPENSATE OR COVER UP
    SYMPTOMS
  • YOUNG GIRLS MORE WILLING TO PUT IN EXTRA HOURS OF
    STUDYING AND ASK FOR HELP
  • MORE LIKELY TO BE PEOPLE PLEASERS
  • TEACHERS OFTEN THINK ADHD IS A DISORDER OF
    HYPERACTIVITY IN BOYS
  • GIRLS COMMONLY DO NOT HAVE HYPERACTIVITY AND TEND
    TO BE LABELED SPACY OR DAYDREAMERS

38
ADULT ADHD CONCERNS
39
BARKLEYS SUGGESTED CRITERIA FOR ADULT ADHD(AT
LEAST 4 OF THE FIRST 7 OR 6 OF 9)
  • OFTEN IS EASILY DISTRACTED BY EXTRANEOUS STIMULI
  • OFTEN MAKES DECISIONS IMPULSIVELY
  • OFTEN HAS DIFFICULTY STOPPING ACTIVITIES OR
    BEHAVIOR WHEN HE OR SHE SHOULD DO SO.
  • OFTEN STARTS A PROJECT OR TASK WITHOUT READING OR
    LISTENING TO DIRECTIONS CAREFULLY
  • OFTEN SHOWS POOR FOLLOW-THROUGH ON PROMISES OR
    COMMITMENTS MADE TO OTHERS

40
BARKLEYS SUGGESTED CRITERIA FOR ADULT ADHD
(CONTINUED)(AT LEAST 4 OF THE FIRST 7 OR 6 OF 9)
  • 6. OFTEN HAS TROUBLE DOING THINGS IN THEIR
    PROPER ORDER OF SEQUENCE
  • OFTEN DRIVES A MOTOR VEHICLE MUCH FASTER THAN
    OTHERS. FOR NON DRIVERS, OFTEN HAS DIFFICULTY
    ENGAGING QUIETLY IN LEISURE OR ENJOYABLE
    ACTIVITIES
  • OFTEN HAS DIFFICULTY SUSTAINING ATTENTION IN
    TASKS OR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
  • OFTEN HAS DIFFICULTY ORGANIZING TASKS AND
    ACTIVITIES.
  • BARKLEY RA, MURPHY KR, FISCHER M. ADHD IN
    ADULTSWHAT THE SCIENCE SAYS. NEW YORK,
    NYGUILFORD PRESS2008

41
DIAGNOSTIC SCALES FOR ADULT ADHD ASSESSEMENT
  • CAADID (CLINICIAN ADMINISTERED)
  • BARKLEYS CURRENT SYMPTOM SCALE-SELF REPORT FORM
  • BROWN ATTENTION-DEFICIT DISORDER (ADD) SCALES
    DIAGNOSTIC FORM
  • TOVA

42
SYMPTOM RATING SCALES ADULT ADHD
  • CONNERS ADULT ADHD RATING SCALE (CAARS)
    (www.mhs.com)
  • ADHD-RS-IV (18 ITEM RATING SCALE)(in syllabus
    with prompts)
  • BROWN ADD SCALE (Brown ADD-RS) (pearsonassess.com)
  • ADULT SELF-REPORT SCALE (ASRS) SYMPTOMCHECKLIST(ww
    w/med/nyu.edu/Psych/training/adhd.html) in
    syllabus

43
OTHER SYMPTOM RATING SCALES ADULT ADHD
  • WENDER UTAH RATING SCALE
  • WENDER-REIMHERR ADULT ADD SCALE (WRAADS) ASSESSES
    MOOD LABILITY SX
  • DODSON CHECKLIST FOR ADULT ADHD

44
TREATMENT OF CHILD/ADOLESCENT ADHD
45
STIMULANT TREATMENT
  • ALTHOUGH STIMULANTS ARE TREATMENT OF CHOICE
    FOR ADHD,1 ALL CHILDREN/ ADOLESCENTS ARE UNIQUE,
    THEREFORE, THERE IS NO ONE MEDICATION THAT FITS
    ALL PATIENTS
  • 1. AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDICATRICS PEDIATRICS
    2001, 1081033-1044

46
FDA APPROVED MEDICATIONS FOR ADHD
  • METHYLPHENIDATE FAMILY
  • SHORT ACTING
  • RITALIN, METHYLIN, METHYLIN CHEWABLE,
    FOCALIN
  • INTERMEDIATE ACTING
  • METADATE ER, METHYLIN ER, RITALIN SR, METADATE
    CD, RITALIN LA
  • LONG ACTING
  • CONCERTA, DAYTRANA
  • AMPHETAMINE FAMILY
  • SHORT ACTING DEXEDRINE, DEXTROSTAT, ADDERALL,
  • LONG ACTING DEXEDRINE SPANSULE, ADDERALL XR,
    VYVANSE
  • NON-STIMULANTS (ATOMOXETINE)
    STRATTERA
  • APPROVED FOR ADULTS

47
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDICATRICS
  • SHORT-ACTING STIMULANTS OFTEN USED AS INITIAL
    TREATMENT IN SMALL CHILDREN (lt16KG) BUT HAVE
    DISADVANTAGE OF BID OR TID DOSING TO CONTROL
    SYMPTOMS THROUGHOUT THE DAY.
  • ONCE DAILY, LONG ACTING STIMULANTS ARE NOW
    RECOMMENED AS FIRST LINE MEDICATION.

48
CONCERTA
  • DELIVERS METHYLPHENIDATE USING
    IMMEDIATE-RELEASE COATING AND DELAYED-RELEASE
    OSMOTIC MECHANISM
  • 22 IMMEDIATE RELEASE
  • 78 DELAYED RELEASE
  • ONCE A DAY 12 HOUR SMOOTHER EFFECT THAN RITALIN
    BID OR TID
  • LOWER ABUSE POTENTIAL

49
METADATE CD
  • USES IMMEDIATE AND DELAYED RELEASE BEADS OF
    METHYLPHENIDATE WITHIN A CAPSULE TO PROVIDE 6 TO
    8 HOURS OF EFFECT
  • HAS WIDE RANGE OF DOSES AVAILABLE. SOME REPORT
    FASTER ONSET OF ACTION
  • HELPFUL DURING SCHOOL HOURS. SHORTER ACTING
    ALLOWS MANAGEMENT OF APPETITE SUPPRESSION/WEIGHT
    LOSS ISSUES BECAUSE DINNER HOUR IS LESS AFFECTED.

50
FOCALIN XR
  • USES IMMEDIATE AND DELAYED RELEASE BEADS OF
    DEX-METHYLPHENIDATE WITHIN A CAPSULE TO PROVIDE
    10 TO 12 HOURS OF EFFECT
  • D-METHYLPHENIDATE IS THE ACTIVE ISOMER OF RACEMIC
    METHYLPHENIDATE(MPH)
  • TWICE AS POTENT AS METHYLPHENIDATE (WHICH HAS
    BOTH LEVO AND DEXTRO ISOMERS). USE ½ LOWER DOSING
    THAN MPH.
  • 10 TO 12 HOUR EFFECT

51
DAYTRANA
  • A METHYLPHENIDATE (MPH) TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY
    SYSTEM WHICH CAN PROVIDE VARIABLE DURATION OF
    EFFECT OF DELIVERY FROM 2 TO 12 HOURS WITH A 9
    HOUR WEAR TIME
  • THE PATCH IS APPLIED TO ALTERNATE HIP EACH AM
    TO REDUCE COMMON ERYTHEMA/IRRITATION WITHIN THE
    PATCH SITE. REACTIONS OUTSIDE THE PATCH SITE
    SUGGEST ALLERGIC REACTION.
  • HELPFUL WITH CHANGING DAILY SCHEDULES, THOSE WITH
    LATE-DAY SIDE EFFECTS, INSUFFICIENT DURATION
    EFFECT, OR GI DISEASE THAT CAN BE AGGRAVATED BY
    ORAL MPH. LOWER ABUSE POTENTIAL.

52
ADDERALL XR
  • DELIVERS MIXED SALTS OF AMPHETAMINE USING
    IMMEDIATE- AND DELAYED-RELEASE BEADS WITHIN A
    CAPSULE
  • 50 IMMEDIATE RELEASE
  • 50 DELAYED
  • DESIGNED FOR 12-HOUR EFFECT

53
VYVANSE
  • DEXTROAMPHETAMINE WITH LYSINE MOLECULE
    (DEXTROAMFETAMINE) ATTACHED RENDERING IT NOT
    LIPID SOLUABLE SO IT CANNOT CROSS THE BLOOD BRAIN
    BARRIER, IN ESSENCE INERT (PRODRUG), . NO
    IMMEDIATE EFFECT IF SNORTED OR GIVEN IV. HENCE
    LOWER ABUSE RISK.
  • ACTIVATED BY LYSINE REMOVAL IN BLOOD STREAM
    THROUGH RATE LIMITED HYDROLYSIS AFTER ABSORBTION
    IN GI TRACT. HENCE, A CHEMICAL VERSUS MECHANICAL
    DELIVERY .
  • SMOOTHER MORE PREDICTABLE RESPONSE OVER 12 TO 13
    HOURS.
  • INDEPENDENT OF PH AND MOTILITY

54
NON-STIMULANT ADHD MEDICAIONS
55
STRATTERA
  • CONTINUOUS EFFECT
  • NEEDS 3-6 WEEKS TO REACH BLOOD LEVEL FOR FULL
    BENEFIT.
  • MUST BE INITIATED SLOWLY TO AVOID NAUSEA,
    DIZZINESS, SOMNOLENCE. BEST TAKEN AFTER FULL
    EVENING MEAL FOR MOST.
  • PURELY NORADRENERGIC REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI)
    NOT CONTROLLED, HENCE, LOW ABUSE POTENTIAL.

56
INTUNIV
  • GXR EXTENDED RELEASE GUANFACINE,(A SELECTIVE
    ALPHA-2-A POST SYNAPTIC AGONIST (INTUNIV) JUST
    APPROVED BY THE FDA. NOT CONTROLLED. LOW ABUSE
    POTENTIAL
  • TAKES 2 WEEKS TO GAIN FULL BENEFIT
  • GUANFACINE (TENEX) HAS BEEN USED OFF LABEL FOR
    MANY YEARS, BUT VERY SHORT ACTING REQUIRING
    DOSING 3-4 X PER DAY

57
SHORTER ACTING METHYPHENIDATE MEDS FOR ADHD
  • METHYLPHENIDATE
  • RITALIN 2-3HRS
  • FOCALIN 3-4HRS
  • RITALIN SR 4-5HRS
  • RITALIN LA 6-8HRS

58
SHORTER ACTING AMPHETAMINE MEDS FOR ADHD
  • AMPHETAMINE
  • DEXADRINE 2-3HRS
  • DEXADRINE SPANSULES 4-5HRS
  • DESOXYN 2-3HRS
  • ADDERALL (now generic) 5-6HRS

59
OTHER MEDICATIONS WITH POSSIBLEBENEFITS FOR ADHD
  • BUPROPION (eg.WELLBUTRIN SR)
  • VENLAFAXINE (EFFEXOR XR)
  • MODAFINIL (PROVIGIL)
  • desipramine, nortriptyline, imipramine
  • Omega fatty acids, zinc, iron

60
NOVEL/INVESTIGATIONAL MEDICATION TREATMENTS FOR
ADHD
  • TRIPLE BEADED MIXED AMPHETAMINE SALTS
  • VENLAFAXINE (EFFEXOR)METABOLITES
  • MODAFINIL METABOLITES
  • NICOTINIC AGENTS

61
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONSIN PRESCRIBING STIMULANTS
  • CARDIOVASCULAR RISK
  • MISUSE AND DIVERSION
  • BIPOLAR DISORDER

62
CARDIOVASCUAR RISK
  • IT IS IMPORTANT TO TAKE A DETAILED PATIENT
    CARDIAC DISEASE HISTORY.
  • ASK SPECIFICALLY FOR HISTORY OF PALPITATIONS,
    SHORTNESS OF BREATH, CHEST PAIN, SYNCOPE,
    SEIZURES, POST-EXERCISE SYMPTOMS, RHEUMATIC
    FEVER, HIGH BP, HEALTH SUPPLEMENTS (EG RED BULL,
    MONSTER), MEDICATIONS

63
CARDIOVASCUAR RISK
  • IT IS IMPORTANT TO TAKE A DETAILED FAMILY CARDIAC
    DISEASE HISTORY.
  • ASK SPECIFICALLY FOR HISTORY OF SUDDEN DEATH OR
    HEART ATTACK IN MEMBERSlt35 YEARS OF AGE, CARDIAC
    ARRHYTHMIAS, HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, LONG
    QT, BRUGADA, WOLFF-PARKINSON-WHITE OR MARFAN
    SYNDROME

64
AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS 2008
  • GIVEN CURRENT EVIDENCE, THE AAP ENCOURAGES
    PRIMARY CARE AND SUBSPECIALITY PHYSICIANS TO
    CONTINUE CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED TREATMENT FOR
    ADHD, INCLUDING STIMULANT MEDICATIONS, WITHOUT
    OBTAINING ROUTINE ECGS OR ROUTINE SUBSPECIALTY
    CARDIOLOGY EVALUATIONS FOR MOST CHILDREN BEFORE
    STARTING THERAPY WITH THESE MEDICATIONS

65
CARDIOVASCUAR RISK
  • REMEMBER, CATASTROPHIC CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS ARE
    EXTREMELY RARE.
  • EKGS WILL NOT UNCOVER STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES
  • THE SMALL RISK IS GREATLY REDUCED BY
    PRE-TREATMENT SCREENING
  • BALANCE THE RISK WITH THE SEVERITY OF ADHD
    IMPAIRMENTS SUFFERED BY THE PATIENT

66
MISUSE AND DIVERSION
  • MISUSE REFERS TO USAGE OF A MEDICATION WITHOUT A
    RX OR FOR REASONS THE OTHER THAN PRECRIBED
  • DIVERSION MEANS DIVERTING LEGAL RX INTO ILLEGAL
    USE BY OTHER THAN THE PATIENT
  • ABUSE IS TO ACHIEVE A HIGH

67
MISUSE AND DIVERSION
  • OVERALL, THERE WERE NO HIGHER RATES OF ABUSE AND
    THERE WAS MOSTLY REDUCED RISK FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE
    IN TREATED ADHD PATIENTS
  • STIMULANT MISUSE WAS 5 TO 35 IN COLLEGE AGE
    YOUNG ADULTS
  • LIFETIME DIVERSION WAS 16 TO 29
  • IMMEDIATE RELEASE STIMULANTS WERE MORE OFTEN
    ABUSED THAN LONG-ACTING STIMULANTS
  • SPENCER, T.J., (2008) ADULT ADHDDIVERSION AND
    MISUSE OF MEDICATIONS
  • CNS SPECT 1310(SUPPL 15)9-13

68
ADHD AND DRUG USE
  • PT. LIKELY TO HAVE ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY
    DISORDER OR HISTORY OF CD
  • EARLY AND AGGRESSIVE TREATMENT INTO DETOX OR
    REHAB PROGRAMS OFFERS BEST CHANCE OF SUCCESS
  • IGNORING LIKELY TO RESULT IN RECURRENT TREATMENT
    FAILURES DUE TO SIGNIFICANT SELF-REGULATION
  • BARKLEY, R.A., MURPHY K.R. AND FISCHER M. (2007).
    ADHD IN ADULTSWHAT THE SCIENCE SAYS. NEW
    YORKGUILFORD PRESS P 244

69
GUIDELINES FOR USING STIMULANTS IN BIPOLAR
DISORDER
  • START STIMULANTS ONLY WHEN BIPOLAR ILLNESS IS
    WELL-STABILIZED
  • USE CAUTION USING IN MANIC OR HYPOMANIC STATES
  • AVOID USING WITH SEVERE INSOMNIA, SLEEP
    FRAGMENTATION, ACTIVE SUICIDAL IDEATION OR
    PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS
  • START DOSE LOW, GO SLOW
  • SCHEDULE FREQUENT OFFICE VISITS
  • GONZALEZ R. AND SUPPES T. (2008). STIMULANTS FOR
    ADULT BIPOLAR DISORDER?. CURRENT PSYCHIATRY
    733-45

70
POSSIBLE HELP FOR ADHD
  • EDUCATION AND SUPPORT
  • COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT) AUGMENTATION
  • IDENTIFY SPECIFIC DISTRACTIONS AND ADJUST
    ENVIRONMENT
  • PRACTICE ORGANIZATION
  • CONSIDER EEG BIOFEEDBACK
  • ACUPUNCTURE

71
POSSIBLE HELP FOR ADHD
  • HIRE AN ORGANIZATIONAL SPECIALIST OR ADHD COACH
  • USE CELL PHONE CAMERA MEMORY
  • JOIN CHADD
  • USE DAY PLANNERS, CHECKLISTS, TIMERS, WATCHES,
    PDAS
  • PERSONAL TAPE RECORDER
  • MEDITATION

72
SUMMARY OF TRUTHS ABOUT ADHD
  • ADHD IS A CHRONIC, LIFESPAN DISORDER, NOT
    EPISODIC
  • COMORBIDITY IS THE RULE, NOT THE EXCEPTION
  • CHILDHOOD HISTORY MUST EXIST, ADULT ONSET OF ADHD
    DOES NOT OCCUR BY DEFINITION

73
SUMMARY OR TRUTHS ABOUT ADULT ADHD
  • THERE IS NO SPECIFIC TEST FOR ADULT ADHD
  • GIRLS/WOMEN ARE HIGHLY UNDER-DIAGNOSED
  • ADULTS WITH ADHD HAVE A HIGH LEVEL OF RESPONSE TO
    THE SAME MEDICATIONS USED IN CHILDREN
  • EVERY PATIENT IS UNIQUE. NO ONE MEDICATION IS
    SUITABLE FOR ALL

74
SUMMARY OR TRUTHS ABOUT ADULT ADHD
  • STIMULANT THERAPY ALSO REDUCES THE RISK OF
    SUBSTANCE ABUSE IN A POPULATION AT INCREASED RISK
    FOR THIS COMORBIDITY

75
POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS FOR ADHD AND ADDICTIVE
BEHAVOIRS
  • YOUNG MARIJUANA USERS OFTEN DESCRIBE A CALMING OF
    INTERNAL RESTLESSNESS (POSSIBLY THE DECAY OF
    HYPERACTIVE SYMPTOMS)
  • ADULTS WITH NICOTENE DEPENDENCE WERE LESS LIKELY
    TO QUIT THAN NON-ADHD COUNTERPARTS. THEY
    DESCRIBED IMPROVED ATTENTION AND EXECUTIVE
    FUNCTIONING.

76
POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS FOR ADHD AND ADDICTIVE
BEHAVOIRS
  • UNTREATED ADHD MAY LEAD TO THE FIRST STEP IN A
    SERIES OF CHANGES THROUGH AGRESSIVITY AND CONDUCT
    DISORDER TO ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY. ONE STUDY
    SUGGESTS SUBSTANCE USE IS RELATED TO
    DEMORALIZATION AND FAILURE. (MANNUZZA,S. ARCH
    PSYCH 1986, 46(12)

77
CONSEQUENCES OF UNTREATED OR UNDERTREATED ADULT
ADHD IN THE SUBSTANCE ABUSER ARE SERIOUS AND CAN
BLOCK FOCUS AND SUCCESS IN RECOVERY
78
ADULT ADHD IS A EMINENTLY TREATABLE DISEASE.
PROPERLY TITRATED MEDICATIONS ALONG WITH
EDUCATION ABOUT MANAGING THE DISORDER, IMPROVES
THE LIVES OF MOST PATIENTS
79
ADULT RESPONSES TO TREATMENT
  • I CAN FINALLY READ A BOOK FROM START TO FINISH
  • I HAVE A MUCH DEEPER RELATIONSHIP WITH MY SPOUSE
    THAN EVER BEFORE
  • I CAN FALL ASLEEP AND STAY ASLEEP
  • IM SOOOOOOOO MUCH MORE FOCUSED AT WORK
  • OVERALL, IM A MUCH BETTER PARENT NOW

80
ADULT RESPONSES TO TREATMENT
  • 6. MY CREATIVITY HAS BEEN ENHANCED, NOT DAMPENED
    BY THE MEDICATION
  • 7. MOST OF THE TIME I ACTUALLY KNOW WHERE MY
    CELL PHONE AND CAR KEYS ARE
  • 8. IM FINALLY GETTING MY COLLEGE DEGREE
  • 9. IM PROUD OF MY HOME, WHICH IS NOW MORE
    ORGANIZED THAN IT HAS EVER BEEN
  • 10. IM DOING MORE ACTIVITIES THAT ARE JUST FOR
    FUN

81
(No Transcript)
82
CHILD/ADOLESCENT ADHDSYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS AND
TREATMENT
  • John Sealy, M.D., D.L.F.A.P.A

83
THANK YOU
84
(No Transcript)
85
(No Transcript)
86
(No Transcript)
87
(No Transcript)
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com