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Title: Space Technology Management and Innovation Workshop

1

Technology Management
for Galileo Applications
Alenia Spazio S.p.A.
Space Technology Management and Innovation
Workshop
Lisbon Portugal 7-9 May 2003

2
CONTENT

INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW OF GALILEO SYSTEM
TECHNOLOGY ISSUES IN GALILEO
GALILEO TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
CONCLUSIONS

INTRODUCTION

4
GALILEO AND NAVIGATION IN EUROPE

GALILEO IS THE FIRST SATELLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEM
DEVELOPED IN EUROPE
THE DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT OF GALILEO
REQUIRE
SPECIC KNOWLEDGE OF NAVIGATION SYSTEM ASPECTS TO
DESIGN AND VALIDATE THE SYSTEM AND
THE LAUNCH OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPMENT TO
BUILD THE SYSTEM
ON BOTH THESE AREAS STRONG EFFORT HAS BEEN DONE
IN EUROPE AT INSTITUTIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL LEVEL
SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE PROJECT. THIS TO FILL
THE EXISTING GAP AND MEET THE SCHEDULE OF THE
PROGRAMME (FOC on 2008).

5
GALILEO AND NAVIGATION IN EUROPE

FIRST EXPERIENCE IN EUROPE ON NAVIGATION HAS BEEN
DONE THROUGH THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE
EGNOS SYSTEM
NAVIGATION SYSTEM ASPECTS
GROUND SEGMENT PROCESSING (INTEGRITY)
SINCE 1998/99 THE FIRST ESA CSS STUDY AND THEN
THE GALILEO DEFINITION PHASE (through GalileoSat
GALILEO Phase B2 from ESA and GALA GALILEI from
EC) WITH THE TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT LAUNCHED
IN PARALLEL BY ESA HAVE CREATED SOLID BASIS FOR
THE START OF THE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

6
TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT LOGIC
7

OVERVIEW OF GALILEO SYSTEM

8
THE NAVIGATION CONCEPT

POSITIONING
DETERMINATION OF
LATITUDE
LONGITUDE
ALTITUDE
TIME
GUIDANCE
OPTIMUM PATH FROM POINT A TO POINT B
GIS
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (METEO TRAFFIC ETC.)
COMPLEMENTARY SENSORS
REAL-TIME INFORMATION PROCESSING
NAVIGATION POSITIONING GUIDANCE

9
THE GALILEO MISSION

GALILEO IS THE EUROPEAN CONTRIBUTION TO THE GNSS
SYSTEM (Global Navigation Satellite System). The
GNSS will be the base infrastructure for the
future management of the integrated mobility at
world scale.
GALILEO IS A SATELLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEM WITH A
GLOBAL COVERAGE MULTIMODAL AND UNDER THE CONTROL
OF A CIVIL AUTORITY.
GALILEO IS CONCEIVED TO BE AN AUTONOMOUS
COMPATIBLE AND INTEROPERABLE SYSTEM. It will be
guaranteed the interoperability with already
existing and/or near planned navigation systems
particularly with the American GPS system.

10
GALILEO BASIC SERVICES

PRIMARY SERVICES
OAS (Open Access Service) open access free of
charge signal for generic applications (e.g.
mass market)
CAS (Commercial Access Service) controlled
access signal including additional information
for commercial applications
SAS (Safety-of-life Access Service) controlled
access signal with integrity additional
information for critical applications
PRS (Public Related Service) controlled access
signal restricted to governmental applications
SUPPORT SERVICES
SAR (Search Rescue) Search Rescue service
as support to the COSPAS-SARSAT system

11
GALILEO FREQUENCY PLAN

(1) FREQUENCY BAND 1164-1215 MHz (E5A-E5B)
SIGNALS OAS CAS SAS
(2) FREQUENCY BAND 1260-1300 MHz (E6) (radar)
SIGNALS CAS PRS
(3) FREQUENCY BAND 1559-1591 MHz (L1)
SIGNALS OAS CAS SAS PRS
OAS BANDS (1) e (3)
CAS BANDS (1) (2) e (3)
SAS BANDS (1) e (3)
PRS BANDS (2) e (3)

12
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS (DESIGN DRIVERS)

COVERAGE FULL EARTH up to 20 km altitude
SERVICE Safety-of-Life dual frequency
AVALABILITY 0.995
MASK. ANGLE 10
TTFF 100s cold start 30s warm start
ACCURACY (95) 8 m V 4 m H
UTC time 30 ns
CONTINUITY 10-5/15s
INTEGRITY (Global)
Alert limit 20 m V 12 m H
Time-to-Alert 6 s
Risk 3.5x10-7/150 s

13
THE GALILEO ARCHITECTURE

GALILEO INFRASTRUCTURE IS BASED ON TWO SEGMENTS
SPACE SEGMENT
GROUND SEGMENT
THE SPACE SEGMENT HAS THE FUNCTION OF RADIATING
TOWARDS THE OVERALL EARTH SURFACE the GALILEO
signal
THE GROUND SEGMENT HAS THE FUNCTION OF
CONTROLLING THE SYSTEM TO GUARANTEE THE SPECIFIED
PERFORMANCES TO THE END USER
THE GALILEO SYSTEM DEFINES ITS OWN TIME REFERENCE
AND ITS OWN SPACE REFERENCE

14
THE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE (cont.)

SPACE SEGMENT
THE SPACE SEGMENT INCLUDES A CONSTELLATION OF 30
MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) SATELLITES
THE SATELLITES ARE POSITIONED ON 3 ORBITAL PLANES
(10 satellites per orbital plane).
THE ORBTAL PLANES HAVE AN INCLINATION OF 56 WITH
AN ALTITUDE OF 23.616 km.
AMONG 30 SATELLITES 27 ARE OPERATIVE WHILE THE
REMAINING 3 (1 per orbital plane) ARE IN ORBIT
BACK-UP

15
THE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE (cont.)

GROUND SEGMENT
GROUND MISSION SYSTEM
NAVIGATION MISSION CONTROL
INTEGRITY DETERMINATION
GROUND CONTROL SYSTEM
CONSTELLATION CONTROL
In addition ...
LOCAL COMPONENTS
SPECIFIC PERFORMANCES ON RESTRICTED AREAS
SPECIALISED SERVICES
COMBINATION WITH OTHER TECHNIQUES

16
GALILEO MEO SATELLITE
17
GALILEO MEO SATELLITE (cont.)
C-Band Antenna
Navigation Antenna
S R Antenna
18
SATELLITE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS

SATELLITE MASS AT LAUNCH about 700 kg
DIMENSIONS (main body) (2700x1200x1100) mm
LENGHT (solar panel deployed) 13 m
CONSUMPTION 1600 W
TTC S Band (Zenith e Nadir antenna
dual-mode)
LIFE TIME 12 years
LAUNCHERS
ARIANE-5 ECB up to 8 satellites
PROTON up to 6 satellites
SOYUZ-ST 2003 up to 2 satellites
ZENIT-2 from 2 to 4 satellites

19
NAVIGATION PAYLOAD
20
SAR PAYLOAD
21
PAYLOADS MAIN CHARACTERISTICS

NAVIGATION PAYLOAD
MASS about 115 kg
CONSUPTION about 780 W
TIME 2 Rubidium clock 2 passive MASER
ANTENNA (TX L Band) (1.32 x 1.48) m
ANTENNA (RX C Band) 0.35 m diameter
SAR PAYLOAD
MASS 20 kg
CONSUPTION 100 W
ANTENNA (RX VHF) (1.0 x 1.0 x 0.3) m

22
THE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE (cont.)
23
THE GROUND SEGMENT FACILITIES

ELEMENTS OF THE GROUND MISSION SYSTEM
GSS (Galileo Sensor Station) 29 stations for
orbit determination time synchronisation and
integrity determination (3 chains navigation
integrity back-up)
ULS (Up-Link Station) 10 C-band stations for the
up-link of the navigation message
MDDN (Mission Data Dissemination Network)
network connecting the G/S elements
OSPF (ODTS Processing Facility) processing
centre of orbital data and for timing
synchronisation
IPF (Integrity Processing Facility) integrity
processing centre
PTF (Precise Timing Facility) centre for the
determination of the Galileo System Time (GST)

24
THE GROUND SEGMENT FACILITIES (cont.)

ELEMENTS OF THE GROUND MISSION SYSTEM
GACF (Ground Asset Control Facility) centre for
the MC of the elements
MCF (Mission Control Facility) centre for the
on-line monitoring and control and planning of
the Mission
MSF (Mission Support Facility) centre for the
off-line monitoring and control and planning of
the Mission
MGF (Message Generation Facility) centre for the
generation of the navigation message (navigation
integrity SAR NRS)
SPF (Service Products Facility) distribution
centre of Galileo products external interface of
the Ground Segment

25
THE GROUND SEGMENT FACILITIES (cont.)

ELEMENTS OF THE GROUND CONTROL SYSTEM
SCF (Satellite Control Facility) constellation
control it also includes the MC of the TTC
TTC (Telemetry Tracking Command station) 5
stations to interface the SCF with the
constellation
SDDN (Satellite Data Distribution Network)
network connecting the Ground Control System
elements

26
GALILEO FINAL SCENARIO
27
GALILEO APPLICATIONS

GALILEO-SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
MAIN DISCRIMINATORS OF GALILEO ARE THE INTEGRITY
AND THE SERVICE GUARANTEE
WHERE IT IS REQUIRED HIGH LEVEL OF INTEGRITY
CONTINUITY AND/OR THE SERVICE GUARANTEE GALILEO
WILL ALLOW THE DEVELOPMENT OF APPLICATIONS
CURRENTLY NOT FEASIBLE WITH GPS.
GPS-LIKE APPLICATIONS
ALL APPLICATIONS ALREADY DEVELOPED OR UNDER
EXPERIMENTATION FOR GPS WILL BE EXTENDED TO
GALILEO
GPS/GALILEO APPLICATIONS
SYSTEM INTEROPERABILITY WILL REQUIRE THE USE OF
DUAL-MODE TERMINALS WITH THE POSSIBILITY OF
EXTENDING THE SATELLITE VISIBILITY.
SUCH POSSIBILITY WILL GENERATE ADDITIONAL NEW
APPLICATIONS FOR SPECIAL ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS
WITH HIGH REQUIREMENTS

28
GALILEO APPLICATIONS (cont.)

Applications for Navigation start from position
and time information provided by the system to
built up specific added-value services through
the integration of different techniques and
technologies
Positioning Applications
very accurate measurement of an object position
(static)
Navigation Applications
measurement of a reference object movement
(dynamic)
Timing Applications
time reference provision for synchronisation

29
GALILEO APPLICATIONS (cont.)

Requirements for the Applications for Navigation
are characterised through requirements given in
terms of following main parameters
Accuracy
the accuracy required for the position
information
Availability
the availability of the information required with
given performances
Continuity
the probability that the information is available
with given performances in a given time interval
assuming that at the beginning of this interval
the performances are achieved.
Integrity
the capability of the system to inform the end
user within a given time that the performances
are going to be out of specification

30
GALILEO APPLICATIONS (cont.)

Transport Applications
Maritime
Aeronautic
Road
Railway
Space
Non-transport Applications
Location Based Services
Personal Mobility
Environment
Geodesy
Geology
Civil Engineering
Agriculture and Fisheries
Telecommunications
...

31
GALILEO APPLICATIONS FOR TRANSPORT

TRANSPORT
ROAD
FLEET MANAGEMENT
INTELLIGENT NAVIGATION
TRAFFIC CONTROL
AUTOMATIC GUIDANCE
RAILWAY
HIGH SPEED TRAIN MONITORING AND CONTROL
CONVOY MANAGEMENT
MARITIME AND WATERWAY
FLEET MANAGEMENT
COASTAL NAVIGATION ASSISTANCE
SEARCH AND RESCUE
AERONAUTICAL
ROUTES OPTIMISATION
SURVEILLANCE
SPACE
ORBIT DETERMINATION

32
OTHER GALILEO APPLICATIONS

PERSONAL MOBILITY
LOCATION BASED SERVICES
ASSISTANCE TO HANDICAPPED PEOPLE
SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
ENVIROMENTAL CONTROL
INTELLIGENT FARMING
ETC.
PROFESSIONAL APPLICATIONS
GEODESY
GEOLOGY
SISMOLOGY
CIVIL ENGINEERING
TRANSPORT ENGINEERING

33
OTHER GALILEO APPLICATIONS (cont.)

ENVIROMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL e.g.
LANDMONITORING
WATERWAY LEVEL AND FLOW MONITORING
DANGEROUS GOODS TRANSPORTATION MONITORING
ETC.
SAFETY AND SECURITY e.g.
SEARCH AND RESCUE
REAL-TIME EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE
PERSONAL SECURITY
ETC.
PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE MODERNISATION e.g.
INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION CORRIDORS
ETC.

34
DEVELOPMENT OF APPLICATIONS

The process of the development of applications
has to be phased with the evolution of the
Navigation Infrastructure available
Taking into account the future evolution plan
the scenario can be outlined into two main groups
of developments
Applications EGNOS-specific
Applications Galileo-specific
validated in a first step by using the GPS plus
EGNOS system
validated in a second step by using the Galileo
IOV configuration
validated in a third step by using the Galileo
final system.

TECHNOLOGY ISSUES IN GALILEO

36
SPACE SEGMENT TECHNOLOGY ISSUES

RADIATION ENVIRONMENT ASPECTS
FOR SATELLITES LOCATED ON MEDIUM ORBITS (ABOUT
20.000 KM) THE LEVEL OF RADIATION CAN REACH
VALUES THAT ARE SENSIBLE HIGHER THAN GEO ORBITS
THE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS NEED TO BE PROTECTED BY
A CERTAIN EQUIVALENT AMOUNT OF MATERIAL
(SPACECRAFT STRUCTURE PLUS UNIT PACKAGING) WHOSE
THICKNESSIS DEPENDS ON THE ACTUAL RADIATION DOSE
BEING THE MATERIAL THICKNESS THE SAME THE
RADIATION DOSE FOR A MEO CAN BE 3 TIMES OR EVEN
MORE THE DOSE EXPERIENCED BY A GEO
ON THE CONTRARY FOR A GIVEN MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
DOSE FOR A COMPONENT (e.g 50 krad) IN CASE OF A
MEO SATELLITE THE REQUIRED EQUIVALENT THICKNESS
CAN BE 30 HIGHER

37
SPACE SEGMENT TECHNOLOGY ISSUES (cont.)

RADIATION ENVIRONMENT REQUIREMENTS
REQUIRE USE OF SPECIAL COMPONENTS (RAD-HARD HIGH
REL COMPONENTS)
REQUIRE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SPECIFIC DESIGN
SOLUTIONS AND TECHNIQUES
INCREASING OF SATELLITE MASS
SATELLITE SOLAR PANELS MAY REQUIRE OVER
DIMENSIONING TO ENSURE THE PROPER EFFICIENCY FOR
THE ENTIRE SATELLITE LIFETIME

38
SPACE SEGMENT TECHNOLOGY ISSUES (cont.)

SPACE QUALIFIED CLOCKS
SATELLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEMS SHOW STRINGENT
REQUIREMENTS FOR TIME SYNCHRONISATION
VERY ACCURATE AND STABLE ATOMIC CLOCKS ARE
REQUIRED ON-BOARD TO FULFIL SUCH REQUIREMENTS
THE TECHNOLOGY OF ATOMIC CLOCKS QUALIFIED FOR
SPACE OPERATIONS IS NOT CURRENTLY AVALABLE IN
EUROPE EVEN IF ATOMIC CLOCKS FOR GROUND
APPLICATIONS ARE WELL PROVEN AND COMMERCIALLY
AVAILABLE
FOR THIS REASON THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY HAS
ALREADY ACTIVATED DEVELOPMENTS OF SPACE ATOMIC
CLOCKS

39
SPACE SEGMENT TECHNOLOGY ISSUES (cont.)

SPACE QUALIFIED CLOCKS
MAIN REQUIREMENTS FOR SPACE QUALIFIED ATOMIC
CLOCKS ARE
STABILITY VS. TEMPERATURE
STABILITY VS. GRAVITY ACCELERATION
STABILITY VS. MAGNETIC FIELD
VIBRATION
MASS
VOLUME
POWER CONSUPTION
LIFETIME
THE GALILEO NAVIGATION PAYLOAD DESIGN FORESEES
THE USE OF 4 ATOMIC CLOCKS 2 PASSIVE MASER AND 2
RUBIDIUM STANDARD IN THE FOLLOWING CONFIGURATION
PASSIVE HYDROGEN MASER 1 ACTIVE
PASSIVE HYDROGEN MASER 2 COLD BACK-UP
RUBIDIUM STANDARD 1 HOT BACK-UP
RUBIDIUM STANDARD 2 COLD BACK-UP

40
SPACE SEGMENT TECHNOLOGY ISSUES (cont.)

NAVIGATION PAYLOAD RF IMPORTANT ITEMS
SOLID STATE POWER AMPLIFIER (SSPA)
provide amplification of lower/upper band signals
lower band (E5 1164 MHz E6 1300 MHz)
upper band (L1 1559-1591 MHz)
OUTPUT MULTIPLEXER (OMUX)
combining amplified signals towards the antenna
input
high rejection of spurious signals
PHASE ARRAY ANTENNA
beam forming network and array of radiating
elements
provides isoflux radiation pattern
NAVIGATION PAYLOAD BASEBAND IMPORTANT ITEMS
NAVIGATION PROCESSOR
navigation data structure generation
navigation signal generation
interface with TM/TC subsystem

41
GROUND SEGMENT TECHNOLOGY ISSUES

CONTROL OF THE CONSTELLATION
DEPLOYMENT OF THE CONSTELLATION (LEOP OR
INJECTION PHASE)
FLIGHT DYNAMIC SOFTWARE FOR PRECISE SATELLITE
ORBIT DETERMINATION
CONTROL SW FOR THE STABILITY OF THE CONSTELLATION
RECOVERY PROCEDURES TO OPTIMISE IN-ORBIT
SATELLITE FAILURES (MANAGEMENT OF SPARE
SATELLITES)
CONSTELLATION REPLENISHMENT (HANDOVER MANAGEMENT)

42
SYSTEM ISSUES

OVERALL SYSTEM VALIDATION AND OPERATIONS
SYSTEM TEST BED DEVELOPMENT
QUALIFICATION OF SYSTEM ELEMENTS
OVERALL SYSTEM VALIDATION
SIMULATION OF SYSTEM MODIFICATIONS DURING
OPERATIONS
CONTROL OF THE NAVIGATION MISSION
REAL-TIME OPERATIONS (e.g. NETWORK MANAGEMENT)
AUTOMATIC SYSTEM FAILURE DETECTION AND RECOVERY
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE MONITORING AND TREND ANALYSIS

43
TECHNOLOGY FOR APPLICATIONS

The Management of Technology follows two main
directions
the integration of the existing technologies
the evolution of the enabling Technologies
Enhancement of synergies between Technology
solutions
integration of existing technologies
definition of common application development
platforms
Evolution of Enabling Technologies
for both Positioning and Communication systems

44
APPLICATIONS FOR NAVIGATION TECHNOLOGIES

Applications for Navigation are built around the
following key elements
Navigation / Positioning Enabling technologies
GPS / EGNOS / Local Augmentations
GALILEO / Local Components
Communication technologies
augmentation of Navigation system performances
added value communication services
Consolidated technologies VHF GSM RDS ...
Innovative technologies Bluetooth Wi-Fi
GPRS/UMTS
Remote Processing systems
elaboration according to user position user
request external information available
Evolving technologies Database Management
Systems GIS Mapping
Interfaces with the External Entities
providing information needed to the service

GALILEO TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

46
SPACE SEGMENT TECHNOLOGY

DURING THE LAST FEW YEARS THE EUROPEAN SPACE
AGENCY HAS LAUNCHED SEVERAL TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENTS
CRITICAL ITEMS (i.e. atomic clock) HAVE BEEN
STARTED EARLY IN THE DEFINITION PHASE OTHERS
(e.g. GSTBV1) HAVE BEEN ACTIVATED LATER BASED ON
MORE CONSOLIDATED SYSTEM DESIGN
BOTH SPACE SEGMENT AND GROUND SEGMENT SPECIFIC
TECHNOLOGY ISSUES HAVE BEEN COVERED
IN ADDITION TEST TOOLS TO EVALUATE SYSTEM AND
TECHNOLOGY PERFORMANCES HAVE ALSO BEEN CONSIDERED

47
SPACE SEGMENT TECHNOLOGY

PASSIVE HYDROGEN MASER
Development Phase
Industrialisation Phase
RUBIDIUM ATOMIC CLOCK
Development Phase
CAESIUM CLOCK
Feasibility Study
RUBIDIUM MASER CLOCK
Evaluation Study
ON-BOARD CLOCK MONITORING CONTROL UNIT
ON-BOARD FREQUENCY GENERATOR U/C UNIT
ON-BOARD SAR UHF ANTENNA
ON-BOARD DATA HANDLING UNIT

48
GROUND SEGMENT TECHNOLOGY

G/S DATA MODELS
COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS AND NETWORK SECURITY
MANAGEMENT
GROUND SEGMENT REFERENCE ANTENNAS
CONSTELLATION MISSION CONTROL SYSTEM
SECURED TTC INTEGRITY TWSTT GROUND STATION
EQUIPMENT
GROUND SEGMENT REFERENCE RECEIVER

49
OVERALL SYSTEM

GALILEO SYSTEM TEST BED (GSTB) V1
GSTB V1 TEST CASE Combined GPS/Galileo
Constellations
GSTB V1 TEST CASE High Accuracy Geodetic
Applications
GSTB V1 TEST CASE Atmospheric Performance
Assessment
NAVIGATION SIGNAL MEASUREMENT CAMPAIGN FOR
CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTS
TCAR LABORATORY TESTS
GALILEO SYSTEM TEST BED (GSTB) V2 (exp.
satellite)
to secure the Galileo frequencies
to qualify the atomic clocks
to provide measurements on radiation environment

50
CONCLUSIONS

THE GALILEO SYSTEM DESIGN IS NOW SUFFICIENTLY
CONSOLIDATED TO ALLOW THE START OF THE SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT
THE MAIN TECHNOLOGY ISSUES IN GALILEO HAVE BEEN
IDENTIFIED AND SPECIFIED AND RELEVANT
DEVELOPMENTS ARE ON GOING
THE INCOMING GALILEO IN ORBIT VALIDATION (IOV)
PHASE WILL ALLOW TO VALIDATE ON THE FIELD MOST
IMPORTANT SYSTEM SOLUTIONS TOGETHER WITH MAJOR
TECHNOLOGIES ADOPTED
THE GALILEO IOV WILL BE THE REAL TEST BENCH
BEFORE LAUNCHING THE DEPLOYMENT OF THE OVERALL
SYSTEM