HORT 1217

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HORT 1217

• Introduction to Pest Management
• Kristine Schlamp

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Lower Plants Outline

• Kingdom Plantae
• What are lower plants
• Bryophytes
• Weeds
• Adaptations
• Life cycle of lower plants
• Alternation of generation
• Examples of life cycles moss, liverwort, ferns,
  horsetails

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The Five Kingdoms
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Kingdom Plantae

• Nonvascular Plants No specialized vascular
  tissue.
• 1. Divison Hepaticophyta (liverworts)
• 2. Divison Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
• 3. Division Bryophyta (true mosses).
• Vascular plants Xylem/phloem tissue, true roots,
  stems leaves.
• Pteridophytes Spores but no seeds
• 4. Division Psilophyta (Psilotum or whisk fern).
• 5. Division Lycophyta (club mosses).
• 6. Division Sphenophyta (horsetails).
• 7. Division Pterophyta (ferns).
• Spermatophytes Seed Plants
• Gymnosperms Naked Seeds
• 8. Division Cycadophyta (cycads).
• 9. Division Ginkgophyta (maidenhair tree).
• 10. Division Gnetophyta (mormon tea
  Welwitschia).
• 11. Division Coniferophyta (conifers).

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Kingdom Plantae
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Lower PlantsPrimitive plants that evolved early

• Lower Non Vascular
• Liverworts (Hepaticophyta)
• Hornworts (Anthocerophyta)
• Mosses(Bryophyta)

• Lower Vascular
• Whisk Ferns (Psilotophyta)
• Club Mosses (Lycophyta)
• Horsetails (Equisetophyta)
• Ferns (Polypodiophyta)

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Lower Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes)

• Group of plants
• Liverworts
• Mosses
• Hornworts
• 25,000 different species
• Small, compact green
• Live in diverse habitats everywhere in the world

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Lower Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes)

• Do not flower ? no seeds produced
• Reproduce by spores via Alternation of
  Generations
• No real, well-developed vascular system
• No true roots, just rhizoids 
• No lignified tissue
• Acquire nutrients from dust, rainwater puddles
• Transition between algae and true land plants
• Depend on water for survival wet habitats

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Lower Nonvascular Plants(Bryophytes)
Horticultural

• Peat moss for soil mixtures
• Aeration
• Water retention
• Sterile
• Lightweight
• Many are mycorrhizal
• Encourage fungal associations for aid in nutrient
  uptake
• Some bryophytes are weeds

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Lower Nonvascular Plants(Bryophytes) General
Life Cycle

• Alternation of Generations
• Life cycle of 2 phases
• Gametophyte
• Formed from spores
• Produces gametes that fuse to form zygote
  (fertilized cell)
• Sporophyte
• Formed from zygote
• Produces spores ? back to gametophyte

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Lower Nonvascular Plants(Bryophytes) General
Life Cycle

• Gametophytes Sporophytes may be independent or
  dependant on each other
• Both may reproduce asexually
• Zygotes are always 2n and grow into sporophytes

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Lower Nonvascular Plants

• Liverworts (Division Hepaticophyta)
• Hornworts (Division Anthocerophyta)
• Mosses (Division Bryophyta)

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Liverworts (Hepaticophyta)

• 2 types - Thallose vs. Leafy
• Upper surface porous
• Lower surface has parenchyma few chloroplasts
• 1-celled rhizoids
• Gametophyte is dominant
• Asexual reproduction in gametophyte via gemma
  cups and gemmae
• Sexual reproduction via production of gametes and
  fertilization into zygote ? Sporophyte

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Hornworts (Anthocerophyta)

• Grow in moist shaded soil
• Small rounded gametophytes
• Sporophyte is horn-shaped
• Asexual reproduction by fragmentation
• One large chloroplast per cell
• Pores in cells filled with mucilage with nitrogen
  fixing bacteria

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True Mosses (Bryophyta)

• Peat moss, rock moss true mosses
• Small leaves, 1 cell thick
• Gametophyte is predominant
• No water conducting cells in gametophyte
  sporophyte may have leptoids or hydroids

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True Mosses (Bryophyta)

• Life cycle
• Sexual antheridia (1n) and archegonia (1n) have
  paraphyses (sterile hairs)
• Fusion of gametes leads to zygote (2n) ?
  sporophyte, which grows on female gametophyte
• Sporophyte undergoes meiosis to produce spores
  (1n)

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Lower Vascular Plants

• Ferns (Division Polypodiophyta)
• Horsetails (Division Equisetophyta)

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Ferns (Polypodiophyta)

• Wide variety of habitats
• Water not as critical except for spore
  germination
• Perennial sporophytes
• Many horticultural uses
• Rhizomes
• Leaves are fronds Leaflets are pinnae

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Ferns (Polypodiophyta)

• Life cycle
• Spores develop into prothalli
• Prothalli are protogynous
• Female parts develop first, before male parts
• Promote cross-fertilization prevent selfing

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Fern General Life Cycle
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Horsetails (Equisetophyta)

• Brush-like appearance
• Minute scale-like leaves at nodes
• Ribbed stems
• True vascular tissue
• Rhizomes aid in spread
• Water not as critical to survival
• Sporophyte is the dominant generation Perennial
• Vegetative and reproductive stems

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Horsetails (Equisetophyta)

• Life cycle
• Minute subterranean gametophyte
• Flagellated sperm (1n) fertilize egg (1n) to
  produce zygote (2n)
• Zygote forms into sporophyte
• Reproductive stems have strobili
• sporangia in whorls at top of stem
• Reproduces very easily asexually by fragmentation
  nuisance

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New Topic!

• On to bigger and better

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Weeds Outline

• What is a weed?
• Definitions
• How to be a weed? Adaptations
• Seed production
• Vegetative reproduction
• Types of weeds (annuals, biennials, perennials)
• Weeds as Horticultural Pests
• Controls
• Options
• Pest Management concerns

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What is a Weed?

• Any plant out of place.
• Weeds have growth characteristics and adaptations
  that enable them to exploit and persist in the
  ecological niches left open in those environments
  altered by man for his use.
• Noxious weed non-native plants that are
  aggressive growers, extremely competitive, highly
  destructive, difficult and costly to control.

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How to be a Weed?

• Adapted to a wide range of environments
• Self-compatible
• Non specialized flowers
• Competitive
• Growth modifications
• Rapid growth

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More waysSeed Production

• Prolific seed production
• Lambs quarters 72,000 seeds/year
• Effective means of disseminating seed
• Wind, water, and animals.
• Longevity viability resist detrimental
  environments
• Dodder seeds viable for 80 years
• Lotus seeds gt 1,000 years
• Dormancy or delayed germination of seeds

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More Ways Vegetative Reproduction

• Survival of vegetative (asexual) propagules under
  adverse conditions
• Another form of overwintering propagation
• Gives the ability to move to new sites
• Grow new plants rapidly
• Survival mechanism and re-establishment if the
  parent plant is partially destroyed

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Weed Types

• Annuals live and reproduce within one growing
  season.
• Biennials live for two growing seasons usually
  reproduce in second year.
• Perennials live for many growing seasons
  continue to reproduce once mature.

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Annual Weeds

• Definition occurring once a year, completing the
  life cycle in one growing season
• Annuals are categorized as either summer or
  winter
• Annual weeds typically grow rapidly and produce
  seed quickly
• Examples Lambs Quarters Chenopodium album
  (summer) and Shephards Purse Capsella
  bursa-pastoris (winter)

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Perennial Weeds

• Definition present at all seasons of the year,
  persisting for several years usually with new
  growth every year

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Perennial Weeds

• Overwinter by means of a vegetative structure
  such as a perennial root with a crown
• Are spread by seed although vegetative
  reproduction can be as prolific as seed
  production
• Can produce new plants when cut or injured.
• Roots are usually large and fleshy.
• Examples Common dandelion (Taraxacum
  officinale), buckhorn plantain (Plantago
  lanceolata), broadleaf plantain (Plantago major).

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Weeds as Horticultural Pests

• Reduced yield crop quality
• Allelopathic plants produce toxins
• Poisonous, allergies
• Harboring of other pest species
• Alternate hosts for insect vectors of plant
  pathogens
• Create unsafe conditions
• Lower property values

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Controls

• Sanitation and prevention
• Proper competition companion planting
• Biological
• Cultural
• Physical
• Chemical

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Biological Strategies

• Biological control refers to the use of natural
  agents such as insects, nematodes, fungi, viruses
  or fish for the control of weeds.
• In some instances, grazing animals can be used to
  harvest and stress noxious weeds. Sheep have been
  used to successfully to control tansy ragwort and
  goats and sheep can be used to control leafy
  spurge.
• There have been a number of successes using
  biocontrol and this method is receiving increased
  attention in British Columbia.

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Biological Strategies

• The objective in biocontrol is never eradication
  it is reduction of a weed's density to
  non-economic levels.
• Biocontrol begins by first looking at the natural
  enemies of a particular weed in its native
  country.
• Most of our weeds are native to Europe and Asia.

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Biological Strategies

• Most biocontrol work to date has involved the use
  of insects. These act in many ways, including
  defoliation of the plant, boring into roots and
  eating seed, or forming galls in the seed head to
  prevent seed formation.
• Biocontrol is a self-regulating type of weed
  control. That is, as the weed host increases so
  does the insect population. As the weed
  population decreases due to the insect, the
  insect population also decreases. A balance is
  hopefully attained where the weed and insect
  populations are held at a low level.

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Biocontrol Status In B.C. - 1998

• To date 57 bioagents have been released on 20
  weed species on over 4000 sites in British
  Columbia.
• Once approved for field release in B.C. the
  following procedure ensures provincial
  distribution
• first field release under controlled conditions.
  The majority of new agents are propagated at
  facilities maintained by the Ministry of Forests
  at Kamloops. Purpose - propagate agents.
• caged release of offspring from propagated agents
  to protected areas. Purpose to increase agents
  under diverse ecological conditions.
• provincial distribution over the weeds range.

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New Topic!

• Here we go

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Integrated Pest Management

• Define pest and IPM
• Explain components of IPM, give examples
• List controls and give examples
• Define Injury, Damage, Economic Injury Level,
  Action Threshold
• Understand graphs of EIL and AT

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What is a pest?

• The concept of a pest has meaning only in a
  human context a pest is an organism that man
  regards as harmful to his person, property or
  environment.
• Man makes an organism a pest as soon as he
  requires something it needs and which he is not
  prepared to share with it and he frequently
  makes it a worse pest by manufacturing an
  environment that favors its increase and survival.

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Plant Pest Organisms

• Competitors Plants are considered weeds when
  they interfere with the utilization of land and
  water resources or otherwise adversely intrude
  upon human welfare.
• Plant feeders Can be any animal that obtains
  energy or nutrients by consuming and sometimes
  killing a plant.
• Pathogens An organism living in or on a plant
  and obtaining organic nutrients from it.

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Integrated

• Many control measures at the same time.
• Iron out incompatibilities complications.
• Predict the risks and have a plan ready.

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Categories of Control

• Applied Control
• Legislative
• Physical
• Mechanical
• Cultural
• Biological
• Host Resistance
• Genetic
• Chemical

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Categories of Control

• Natural Control
• Physical Factors
• Biological Factors
• Topographical Factors

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Management

• Knowledge
• Dynamic decision making
• Social (health)
• Environmental factors
• Cost factors
• Monitoring
• Records
• Evaluation re-evaluation
• Identification of risks be prepared

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Definitions

• Injury
• is defined as the physical harm or destruction
  to a valued commodity caused by the presence or
  activity of a pest
• Eg.
• tunneling in wood
• consuming leaves

• Damage
• is defined as the monetary value lost to the
  commodity as a result of the injury by the pest
• Eg.
• loss of quality
• reduction in yield

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Definitions

• Economic Injury
• Level
• The number of pests at which the cost to control
  them equals the amount of damage they are causing
• Cost/benefit ratio

• Economic or Action
• Threshold
• The number of pests at which a decision to treat
  or not is made
• The decision point usually lower than EIL
  because of time delay

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Economic Decision LevelsFor Pest Populations