Sustainable Building Design Using Precast Concrete Systems

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Sustainable Building Design Using Precast
Concrete Systems Jim Lewis, LEED AP Mark Scott
PRECAST COMPANY
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Learning Objectives
Use Green Building concepts to

• Design more environmentally-friendly buildings
• Design buildings with longer service life-
  Durability
• Design buildings using natural, renewable
  locally available resources
• Design buildings that may qualify for LEED
  Certification

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Why is Sustainability Important?

• The world population is using more of the Earths
  natural resources than it can regenerate
• The U.S. alone uses more energy and natural
  resources per capita than any other nation
• Buildings have an impact on the use of natural
  resources in two ways
• They are used to create and construct the
  buildings
• They are used to maintain, remodel and operate
  over time

F a c t
5 of the worlds population uses 23 of the
worlds energy.
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How Buildings Affect the Environment Population?

• In the U.S., buildings consume
• 65 of the electricity generated
• gt36 of primary energy i.e. natural gas
• 12 of potable water
• Buildings produce
• 30 of national output of greenhouse gases
• 136 million tons of construction demolition
  waste
• Worldwide, buildings use 40 3 billion tons of
  the available raw materials used in construction
  operations

F a c t
The U.S. has only 4.5 of the global supply of
wood, yet it is responsible for 15 of the
worlds consumption.
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What is Green Building Design?

• Design and construction practices that
  significantly reduce or eliminate the negative
  impact of buildings on the environment and
  occupants in five broad areas
• Sustainable site planning
• Safeguarding water and water efficiency
• Energy efficiency and renewable energy
• Conservation of materials and resources
• Indoor environmental quality and comfort

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Triple Bottom Line
Benefits of Green Building

• Environmental Benefits Reduce the impacts of
  natural resource consumption
• Economic Benefits Improve the bottom line lower
  utility cost, reduced employee absenteeism/turnove
  r, reduced liability, increased building
  valuation lower vacancy levels
• Social Benefits Enhance occupant comfort and
  health minimize strain on local infrastructures
  and improve quality of life

F a c t
Over 50 million acres of tropical rain forest are
destroyed every year, enough trees to fill all
of England and Scotland combined.
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Benefits of Green Building

• Using less materials means fewer new quarries are
  needed
• Using less energy means fewer new power plants
  need to be constructed, less emissions to air
  less dependence on foreign sources
• Less emission to air means a reduction in
  respiratory conditions such as asthma
• Using less water means a reduction in demand on
  the infrastructure to find new sources of water

F a c t
Scientists agree the most likely cause of global
warming is pollution of the Earths atmosphere
with greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide from
the burning of coal, oil, and gas to produce
energy and fuel automobiles.
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3Rs Reduce, Reuse Recycle
Reduce
F a c t
In less than 100 years over half of the
rainforests have been cut and burned, leaving
whole areas of the Earth bare and unprotected,
rendering entire regions lifeless.
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3Rs Reduce, Reuse Recycle
Reuse
F a c t
Americans represent only 5 of the worlds
population, but generate 30 of the worlds
garbage.
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3Rs Reduce, Reuse Recycle
Recycle
F a c t
Recycling helps to slow the build-up of
greenhouse gases (because it saves energy) and
reduces the pollutants that contribute to acid
rain.
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Holistic/Integrated Design
Elements of Integrated Design

F a c t

• Emphasize the integrated process
• Consider the building as a whole-often
  interactive, often multi-functional
• Focus on the life cycle
• Have disciplines work together as a team from the
  start
• Conduct relevant assessments to help determine
  requirements and set goals
• Develop tailored solutions that yield multiple
  benefits while meeting requirements and goals
• Evaluate solutions
• Ensure requirements and goals are met

Increases in first cost for green buildings range
from 0 to 2 with costs expected to decrease as
project teams become more experienced with green
building design strategies.
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Holistic/Integrated Design
Precast Concrete Strategies
Strategy
Sustainability Attribute
Use Precast panel as interior surface
Saves materials no need for additional framing
and drywall.
By designing wall panels that can be disassembled
and reused when the needs of buildings tenants
change, saves materials and extends the service
life of the panels.
Wall panels that can be disassembled
Thermal mass with insulation provides energy
benefits that exceed the benefits of mass of
insulation alone in most climates.
Use thermal mass with insulation
Materials with a long life cycle and low
maintenance will require less replacement and
maintenance during the life of the building.
Use durable materials
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LEED Rating System
F a c t
As of October 2006, 15 buildings in the U.S.
have received the LEED Platinum Certification and
115 have received Gold Certification.

• The LEED rating system has become
• the industry standard for evaluating green
• design construction
• The LEED system is structured around
• quantifiable measures in order to promote
• innovation for the best materials design

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LEED Certification Benefits
Recognition of Quality Buildings Environmental
Stewardship
F a c t
Higher levels of LEED certification, such as
Platinum, do require additional expenditure and
should be budgeted for accordingly.
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LEED Rating Certification System
F a c t
Rating System Version/Release
Date LEED-NC New Construction v2.2 November
2005 LEED-EB Existing Construction v2.0 July
2005 LEED-CI Commercial Interiors v2.0 June
2005 LEED-CS Core Shell Development v2.0 July
2006 LEED-H Home Under development LEED-ND Neigh
borhood Development Under development
In 2001 there were 207 LEED accredited
professionals, this number grew to over 10,000 in
2004 and the number continues to grow.
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Use of LEED in the U.S.

• 8 Federal Government Agencies
• DOE, EPA, GSA, DOS, U.S. Air Force, Army Navy
• 11 States Agencies
• CA, CT, IL, ME, MD, MA, NJ, NY, OR, PA WA
• 35 Local Municipalities
• Including Chicago, LA, Portland, San Francisco,
  Seattle, Fairfax, Arlington, Austin, San Jose,
  et.al.
• Higher Education Facilities

F a c t
The requirement for some level of LEED
Certification is expected to increase, in all
types of building construction. Currently over
3.5 billion square feet of building projects
have been registered with LEED.
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Qualifying for LEED Certification
F a c t
The appropriate use of Precast can contribute up
to 24 points required for LEED Certification.
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LEED Points Based Rating System
LEED-NC Categories Points
F a c t
Sustainable Sites 14 (20) Water
Efficiency 5 (7) Energy Atmosphere 17
(25) Materials Resources 13 (19) Indoor
Environmental Quality 15 (22) Innovation
Design 5 (7) Total 69 Points
Using concrete can help meet minimum energy
requirements, optimize energy performance, and
increase the life of the building.
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LEED Category
Sustainable Sites 20
Credits Prereq.
Erosion Sedimentation Control
Required for certification Credit 1 Site
Selection 1 Credit 2 Urban
Redevelopment 1 Credit 3 Brownfield
Redevelopment 1 Credit 4.1 Alt.
Transportation, Public Transportation
Access 1 Credit 4.2 Alt. Transportation,
Bicycle Storage Changing Rooms 1 Credit 4.3
Alt. Transportation, Alternative Fuel Refueling
Stations 1 Credit 4.4 Alt. Transportation,
Parking Capacity 1 Credit 5.1 Reduced Site
Disturbance, Protect or Restore Open Space
1 Credit 5.2 Reduced Site Disturbance,
Development Footprint 1 Credit 6.1 Stormwater
Management, Rate or Quantity 1 Credit 6.2
Stormwater Management, Treatment 1 Credit 7.1
Landscape Ext. Design to Reduce Heat Islands,
NonRoof 1 Credit 7.2 Landscape Ext. Design to
Reduce Heat Islands, Roof 1 Credit 8 Light
Pollution Reduction 1
F a c t
Sustainable site planning Eco-designers believe
the way to sustainable building lies in long
life, adaptable, low-energy design.
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LEED Category
Sustainable Sites
F a c t
Light colored Precast with a high Albedo rating
of 0.03 helps reflect energy back into the
atmosphere and decreases cooling loads.
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LEED Category
Sustainable Sites
F a c t
Mixed-use Precast structures with parking garages
easily achieve the minimum of 50 of parking
under cover.
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LEED Category
Water Efficiency 7
F a c t
Credits Credit 1.1
Water Efficient Landscaping, Reduce by
50 1 Credit 1.2 Water Efficient Landscaping,
No Potable Use or No Irrigation 1 Credit 2
Innovative Wastewater Technologies 1 Credit 3.1
Water Use Reduction, 20 Reduction 1 Credit
3.2 Water Use Reduction, 30 Reduction 1
Watering non-lawn areas with drip irrigation
rather than sprinkler heads can reduce water use
up to 70.
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LEED Category
Energy Atmosphere 25
F a c t

Credits Prereq 1 Fundamental Building
Systems Commissioning Required for
certification Prereq 2 Minimum Energy
Performance Required for certification Prereq 3
CFC Reduction in HVACR EquipmentRequired for
certification Credit 1.1 Optimize Energy
Performance, 20 New / 10 Existing 2 Credit 1.2
Optimize Energy Performance, 30 New / 20
Existing 2 Credit 1.3 Optimize Energy
Performance, 40 New / 30 Existing 2 Credit 1.4
Optimize Energy Performance, 50 New / 40
Existing 2 Credit 1.5 Optimize Energy
Performance, 60 New / 50 Existing 2 Credit 2.1
Renewable Energy, 5 1 Credit 2.2 Renewable
Energy, 10 1 Credit 2.3 Renewable Energy,
20 1 Credit 3 Additional
Commissioning 1 Credit 4 Ozone
Depletion 1 Credit 5 Measurement
Verification 1 Credit 6 Green Power 1
Indoor lighting use is highest during hours of 9
to 5, even though the light bulb was invented to
help us see in the dark.
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LEED Category
Energy Atmosphere
R-value 0.68 0.24 13.00 0.24 0.10 0.17 14.43
EXT. AIR FILM
EXT. CONCRETE
STYROFOAM
INT. CONCRETE
INT. AIR FILM
THIN BRICK
3
2
3
1/2
8 1/2
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LEED Category
Energy Atmosphere
F a c t
The additional R-value provided by
insulation and concretes thermal mass combine to
provide a high insulating value in a relatively
thin and durable panel.
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LEED Category
Energy Atmosphere
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LEED Category
Energy Atmosphere
F a c t
By utilizing an insulated wall panel system hot
and cold spots on the exterior of the wall are
eliminated and the interior wall surface
maintains at or near the indoor air temperature,
thereby contributing to occupant comfort.
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LEED Category
Energy Atmosphere
F a c t
With Precast insulated sandwich panels less
overall energy is required to maintain the same
interior temperature.
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LEED Category
Energy Atmosphere
F a c t

• Precast Concrete controls humidity in buildings,
  assisted by HVAC to prevent moisture formation on
  interior wall.

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LEED Category
Energy Atmosphere
F a c t
Massive walls absorb and retain heat then this
heat is later released. This thermal mass
quality is taken into consideration in addition
to R-values.
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LEED Category
Energy Atmosphere
F a c t
Lighting accounts for 25 of annual electricity
usage-when combined with reflective Precast
Concrete efficiency is enhanced. Lighting
enhances security by reducing crime.
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LEED Category
Materials Resources 19
F a c t
Credits Prereq 1
Storage Collection of Recyclables Required
for certification Credit 1.1 Building Reuse,
Maintain 75 of Existing Shell 1 Credit
1.2 Building Reuse, Maintain 100 of
Shell 1 Credit 1.3 Building Reuse, Maintain 100
Shell 50 Non-Shell 1 Credit 2.1 Construction
Waste Management, Divert 50 1 Credit
2.2 Construction Waste Management, Divert
75 1 Credit 3.1 Resource Reuse, Specify
5 1 Credit 3.2 Resource Reuse, Specify
10 1 Credit 4.1 Recycled Content, Specify
25 1 Credit 4.2 Recycled Content, Specify
50 1 Credit 5.1 Local/Regional Materials, 20
Manufactured Locally 1 Credit 5.2 Local/Regional
Materials, of 20 Above, 50 Harvested
Locally 1 Credit 6 Rapidly Renewable
Materials 1 Credit 7 Certified Wood 1
Americans use about 27 of the worldwide
commercial wood harvest.
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LEED Category
Materials Resources
F a c t
The Earths resources are best conserved if the
service life of a building is prolonged, so the
durability and longevity of Precast Concrete make
it an ideal choice.
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Brick Sizes and Units
7-5/8 or 11-5/8
7-5/8 or 11-5/8
ROWLOCK
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Brick Patterns
RUNNING BOND
STACK BOND
RAKEDJOINTS
CONCAVE JOINTS
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LEED Category
Materials Resources
F a c t
85 of Precast Concrete is made up of naturally
occurring materials such as sand stone.
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LEED Category
Materials Resources
F a c t
Since Precast Concrete buildings are a modular
system they can be dismantled and reused when
the building is renovated.
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LEED Category
Materials Resources
F a c t
Precast Concrete components are most often
transported and erected within 200 miles of the
plant.
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LEED Category
Materials Resources
F a c t
The use of local cements, aggregates and other
raw materials keeps transportation distances to a
minimum.
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LEED Category
Materials Resources
F a c t
Precast Concrete utilizes many recycled
materials including fly ash, slag cement, silica
fume, recycled aggregates and steel reinforcement
which typically has 95 post-consumer recycled
content.
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LEED Category
Materials Resources
F a c t
The Earths resources are best conserved if the
service life of a building is prolonged, so the
durability and longevity of Precast Concrete make
it an ideal choice.
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LEED Category
Materials Resources
F a c t
85 of Precast Concrete is made up of naturally
occurring materials such as sand stone.
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LEED Category
Materials Resources
F a c t
Precast Concrete erection does not contribute to
construction site waste, since components are
manufactured off site.
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LEED Category
Materials Resources
F a c t
Precast Concrete erection does not contribute to
construction site waste, since components are
manufactured off site.
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LEED Category
Materials Resources
F a c t
Precast steel forms have a long life span
providing thousands of reuses.
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LEED Category
Indoor Environmental Quality 22
F a c t
Credits Prereq 1 Minimum IAQ
Performance Required for
certification Prereq 2 Environmental Tobacco
Smoke (ETS) Control Required for
certification Credit 1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2 )
Monitoring 1 Credit 2 Increase Ventilation
Effectiveness 1 Credit 3.1 Construction IAQ
Management Plan, During Construction 1 Credit
3.2 Construction IAQ Management Plan, Before
Occupancy 1 Credit 4.1 Low-Emitting Materials,
Adhesives Sealants 1 Credit 4.2 Low-Emitting
Materials, Paints 1 Credit 4.3 Low-Emitting
Materials, Carpet 1 Credit 4.4 Low-Emitting
Materials, Composite Wood 1 Credit 5 Indoor
Chemical Pollutant Source Control 1 Credit
6.1 Controllability of Systems,
Perimeter 1 Credit 6.2 Controllability of
Systems, Non-Perimeter 1 Credit 7.1 Thermal
Comfort, Comply with ASHRAE 55-1992 1 Credit
7.2 Thermal Comfort, Permanent Monitoring
System 1 Credit 8.1 Daylight Views, Daylight
75 of Spaces 1 Credit 8.2 Daylight Views,
Views for 90 of Spaces 1
Indoor air quality is two to five times worse
than outdoor air. And it is estimated most people
spend 90 of their time indoors.
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LEED Category
Indoor Environmental Quality
F a c t
Precast Concrete does not require fabrication
on-site, reducing airborne particles.
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LEED Category
Indoor Environmental Quality
F a c t
Precast Concrete is non-combustible, it does not
require additional fire-proofing applications.
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LEED Category
Innovation Design Process 7
F a c t

• 
  Credits
• Credit 1.1 Innovation in Design 1
• Credit 1.2 Innovation in Design 1
• Credit 1.3 Innovation in Design 1
• Credit 1.4 Innovation in Design 1
• Credit 2 LEED Accredited Professional 1

Twice as much concrete is used in construction
around the world than the total of all other
building materials, including wood, steel,
plastic and aluminum.
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LEED Case Study
University of Florida, Cancer Genetics
CenterCM Turner/PPI Architect Hunton Brady
Architects
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LEED Case Study
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LEED Category
Energy Atmosphere

• Comparison calculation for the use of thin brick
  vs. full bed depth brick
• 1. ) 100,000 sf of thin brick equates to 675,000
  pieces of full bed depth brick
• 2.) Modular size bricks 3-5/8 x 2-1/4 x
  7-5/8 Thin brick, 5/8 x 2-1/4 x 7-5/8
• 3. ) Shipping distance for raw materials 12
  miles and trucks return to mine empty (24-mile
  round trip)
• 4. ) Shipping distance for finished product 980
  miles
• ) Modular-size brick creates job site and
  construction waste vs thin brick which produces
  Zero construction waste.
• 6.) Fuel mileage for all trucking 8.0 miles per
  gallon.
• 7.) Diesel fuel cost 2.80 per gallon
• 8. ) 10 loss on ignition (organic materials
  burned during kiln firing)
• 9.) All trucking capacities 45,000 lbs.
• 10.) Natural gas cost delivered to plant 12/
  mmbtu

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Precast Green Benefits

• Using Precast Concrete will help minimize energy
  requirements, optimize energy performance and
  increase the life of the structure
• Light colored Precast helps to reduce the heat
  island effect
• Precast Concrete can include recycled materials
  including additives, aggregates and reinforcement
  steel
• Precast Concrete and its raw materials are
  available locally and may be recycled or reused
• Use of a Precast modular system minimizes
  construction waste
• Speed of Precast erection reduces site
  disturbance and allow the building envelope to be
  enclosed before HVAC testing begins

F a c t
Concrete is second only to water as the most
consumed substance in the world.
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Precast Economic Benefits

• Competitive first costs
• Integrated design high benefit at low cost by
  achieving synergies between disciplines and
  technologies
• Support the local economy by using local
  suppliers
• Increased labor productivity, job retention and
  days worked
• Reduce operating costs
• Lower utility costs significantly
• Lower insurance costs
• Optimize life-cycle economic performance
• Increase building valuation
• Decrease vacancy, improve retention
• Reduce liability

F a c t
Annual global production of concrete is about 5
billion cubic yards.
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Questions?

• This concludes the American Institute of
  Architects Continuing Education Systems Program.
  
• Thank you for your time!