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Ontology

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Title: Ontology


1
Ontology
2
What is an Ontology?
An explicit formal specification of the terms in
the domain and relations among them. - Noy
and McGuinness, Ontology Development 101
An ontology describes objects and concepts as
classes. These classes are arranged in a
hierarchy, and then class attributes and
relationships are described with properties.
Class
Subclass
  • Defines vocabulary within a domain
  • Defines relationships between objects in a
    domain
  • Allows domain information to be reused by other
    ontologies
  • Provides a common understanding of information
    in a domain
  • Allows both humans and software agents to use
    domain knowledge

Subclass
3
Classes
Classes are formal and explicit descriptions of
objects and concepts. Classes can be arranged
into hierarchies of subclasses and superclasses
to represent data organization in a domain.
Examples
Concepts
  • Satellite Instruments
  • Camera
  • Shutterless camera
  • Panoramic camera
  • CCD
  • Filter
  • Infrared filter
  • Optical filter
  • UV filter
  • Spectrograph
  • Echelle grating
  • Single spherical grating

1. Is-a Relationship Each subclass is a kind
of its superclass 2. Multiple Inheritance A
class can be a subclass of one or more classes
4
Instances
Instances are individual occurrences or
manifestations of a class. An instance of a
subclass is also an instance of that subclasss
superclasses.
Class
Concepts
Example
Subclass
Instances
1. Granularity Instances are the lowest level of
granularity 2. Properties The properties
associated with the class are filled in with
instance values 3. Abstract Classes Declaring a
class abstract forbids it from having
instances useful if arbitrary lines between
class and instance are fuzzy
  • Satellite Instruments
  • Spectrometer
  • SOHO Coronal Diagnostics Spectrometer
  • SOHO Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer
  • Yohkoh Bragg Crystal Spectrometer
  • Yohkoh Wide Band Spectrometer
  • Spectrograph
  • HST Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph
  • HST Faint Object Spectrograph
  • HST Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph

5
Properties
Properties describe intrinsic and extrinsic
attributes of classes. They can also be used to
describe relationships between classes, such as
the has-a relationship between an object and
its component parts.
Class
Concepts
Examples
1. Domain and Range Domain classes which the
property describes. Range classes allowed
to fill in the property value 2. Value and
Cardinality Value Type of value allowed to fill
in the property value Cardinality number of
values a property may have 3. Inverse The value
of a property depends on the value of another
property a relationship is conveyed in two
directions
Subclasses
  • Solar Event
  • Flare
  • Gradual Flare
  • Start Time
  • Duration
  • Location
  • Intensity
  • Impulsive Flare
  • Start Time
  • Duration
  • Location
  • Intensity

Properties
6
Axioms
Axioms are ontological assumptions that cannot be
described using only properties and property
values. Axioms can describe classes as disjoint,
subclass of, or same class as. Axiomatic
consistency can be checked with a reasoner.
Axioms
Example
1. Disjoint A pair of disjoint classes has no
instances in common useful in complex class
descriptions 2. Subclass of One combination of
classes and properties is a subclass of another
class of combination of classes and properties 3.
Same class as One combination of classes and
properties is equivalent to another class of
combination of classes and properties
7
Why use an ontology?
  • Common vocabulary
  • Reasoner
  • Relationships
  • Software agents

8
OTA
  • A self-funded, non-profit organization
  • comprised of major airlines, hoteliers, car
    rental companies, leisure suppliers, travel
    agencies, global distribution systems (GDS),
    technology providers and other interested parties
  • working to create and implement industry-wide,
    open e-business specifications
  • form a common e-business language that will
    encourage development of systems to create new
    collections of services to better meet the
    demands and expectations of travelers and the
    travel industry
  • Members

9
Open Travel Alliance
  • Gokce Banu Laleci

10
Workgroups
  • Air, representing major airlines and airline
    associations
  • Car, representing a variety of car rental
    agencies
  • Hotel, representing major hotel corporations and
    hotel associations
  • Leisure supplier, representing tour operators,
    railways, ferry operators, cruise operators and
    any other area of travel, tourism and leisure
  • Travel Insurance
  • Non-supplier, representing Global Distribution
    Systems, software providers, and travel agencies

11
OTA ebXML
  • OTA announced endorsement of ebXML--- August 2001
  • Utilize the ebXML secure messaging structure as a
    recommended reference envelope layer
  • Recommends ebXML as a viable infrastructure for
    the exchange of OTA messages across private and
    public networks

12
OTA ebXML
  • goals in making this recommendation are
  • to provide a viable and robust infrastructure
    which is both open and available
  • to enable off-the-shelf implementations on a
    variety of platforms
  • to allow on-the-wire interoperability between
    implementations.
  • 2001 C specification contains the mapping for the
    distribution of OTA messages on top of ebXML
    messaging

13
OTA Specifications
  • 2001a
  • 2001b
  • 2001c
  • 2002a
  • 2002b
  • 2003a

14
OTA Messages
15
Car Rental
  • Vehicle Availability Rates Messages (2001b)
  • OTA_VehAvailRateRQ - Requests availability of
    vehicle(s) by specific criteria that may include
    preferences such as vehicle type, pickup location
    and date/time, return location and date/time. It
    may also include special instructions, coverages
    etc.
  • OTA_VehAvailRateRS - Returns information about
    the available vehicle that meets the criteria
    supplied at the time of request. The message may
    or may not include rates. If the rates are
    available then the various types of rates will be
    supplied. For example Hourly, Daily, Weekly,
    Weekend and Monthly. The response message may
    include Warnings from business processing rules
    or errors if the request did not succeed. In case
    the rates are not available, the response will
    contain zero rates.

16
OTA_VehAvailRateRQ
  • OTA_PayloadStdAttributes
  • EchoToken- a sequence number for additional
    message identification assigned by the requesting
    host system.
  • TimeStamp - indicates the creation date and time
  • Version
  • Target (Test Production)
  • SequenceNmbr A sequence number generated by the
    sending system that allows for tracking of
    message receipt or retrieval of specific
    message(s) for purposes of synchronization
    between systems

17
OTA_VehAvailRateRQ
  • ReqRespVersion An indication of the version of
    the response message that is required
  • MaxResponses a positive integer value that
    indicates the maximum number of responses desired
    in the return
  • Point of Sale Identification - Identification
    number of the vendor that has made the vehicle
    availability request and agency number assigned
    by IATA, ARC, ESRP or TID

18
OTA_VehAvailRateRQ
  • - Contains elements and attributes
    that form a Vehicle request
  • QuoteType (Single Multiple)
  • - Country of residence
    identified by ISO country code
  • LocationCode
  • DateTime
  • LocationType (Airport Non Airport )

19
OTA_VehAvailRateRQ-
  • - Indicates the type of rates the
    customer is shopping for
  • TravelType (Business Personal)
  • ShopRateType (Business Leisure All)
  • CorpDiscountNmbr
  • PromoCoupon - Promotion/Coupon number honored by
    the vendor
  • RateCode - Vendor specific rate code to be used
    for Availability
  • RateType (Daily Weekly
  • Monthly Weekend Unknown)

20
OTA_VehAvailRateRQ-
  • - Counts of different types of drivers
    on the rental
  • AgeQualifyingCode - A code representing a
    business rule that determines the charges for a
    driver based upon an age range
  • Count
  • Adult
  • YoungDriver
  • YoungerDriver

21
OTA_VehAvailRateRQ-
  • ArrivalLocation
  • MarketingAirline
  • FlightNumber
  • ArrivalDateTime
  • SmokingInd
  • GasPrePayInd

22
OTA_VehAvailRateRQ-
  • PreferLevel
  • CompanyCode
  • CodeContext
  • PaymentType
  • BillingId
  • RefNumber
  • CreditCardCode

23
OTA_VehAvailRateRQ-
  • - Insurance Coverage needed for the
    rental.
  • CoverageType
  • CoverageCode
  • PreferLevel
  • VehicleType
  • VehicleDoorCount

24
OTA_VehAvailRateRQ-
  • PreferLevel
  • VehicleClass (Mini Subcompact Economy)
  • Type (Automatic Manual)

25
OTA_VehAvailRateRQ-
  • Quantity
  • EquipType
  • BirthDate
  • Currency

26
OTA_VehAvailRateRQ-
  • DefaultInd
  • Privacy
  • NameType

27
OTA_VehAvailRateRQ-
  • .
  • .
  • Loyalty programs in which the
    customer is enrolled. Some loyalty programs may
    be affiliated with the vehicle rental vendor
  • - Information on documents associated
    with this person, for example, driver license.

28
OTA_VehAvailRateRQ- SAMPLE
29
Car Rental
  • Vehicle Reservation Messages (2001b)
  • OTA_VehResRQ - Requests a reservation of a
    specific vehicle type by providing criteria that
    shall include required information like vehicle
    type, pickup location and date/time, return
    location date/time
  • OTA_VehResRS - Returns a confirmation number if
    successful, along with information aboutthe
    vehicle that has been booked

30
Car Rental -2002a
  • OTA_VehRetRes RQ/RS
  • OTA_VehCancel RQ/RS
  • OTA_VehModify RQ/RS

31
Airline
  • Air Booking (2001b)
  • An airline booking message is
    sent to request a reservation on an airline for a
    flight itinerary, specifying the origin and
    destination of the traveler
  • The response message, returns the
    airline reservation along with the Record Locator
    number and an indication of the status of the
    booking

32
Airline 2001c
  • seeks availability of flights on
    particular dates for an origindestination pair
    from one or more suppliers
  • details availability of flights
    on particular dates for an origindestination
    pair from one or more suppliers

33
Airline 2002a
  • City pair
  • Date
  • Number and type of passengers
  • Specific airline
  • Specific flight
  • Specific booking class
  • Client preferences

34
Airline 2002a
  • Origin and destination airports
  • Departure arrival date/times
  • Booking class availability
  • Equipment
  • Meal information
  • Codeshare information

35
Airline 2002a
  • OTA_AirPrice RQ/RS
  • requests pricing information for specific flights
    on specific dates for a specific number and type
    of passengers
  • The Pricing Response message contains a Priced
    Itinerary
  • The set of flights sent in the Pricing request
    message
  • Pricing information including taxes and full fare
    breakdown for each passenger type
  • Ticketing information
  • Fare Basis Codes and the information necessary to
    make a Fare Rules entry

36
Airline 2002a
  • OTA_AirRules RQ/RS
  • requests text rules for a specific fare basis
    code for an airline and city pair on a specific
    date
  • Optional information allows negotiated fare
    contract codes to be included in the request.
  • The Rules Response message contains
  • a set of text (human readable) rule information
    paragraphs. Each paragraph is identified by a
    rule code

37
Airline 2002a
  • OTA_AirFlightDetails RQ/RS
  • requests flight leg and codeshare information for
    a specific flight on a specific data between a
    city pair
  • The Flight Details Response message contains
  • Airline
  • arrival and departure times
  • Equipment
  • meal and duration
  • codeshare information on time percentage
  • electronic ticketing eligibility

38
Airline 2002a
  • OTA_AirLowFareSearch RQ/RS
  • requests priced itinerary options for flights
    between specific city pairs on specific dates for
    specific numbers and types of passengers
  • Time / Time Window
  • Connecting cities
  • Client Preferences (airlines, cabin, flight types
    etc.)
  • Flight type (nonstop or direct)
  • Number of itinerary options desired

39
Airline 2002a
  • OTA_AirBook RQ/RS
  • requests the system to book a specific itinerary
    for one or more identified passengers. The
    message contains optional pricing information,
    allowing the booking class availability and
    pricing to be rechecked as part of the booking
    process.
  • Optional
  • Seat and meal requests
  • SSR, OSI, Remarks
  • Fulfillment information payment, delivery
    details, type of ticket desired

40
Travel Insurance
  • Insurance Quote Request (2001b)
  • availability is determined by qualification
    factors (age of travelers, cost of trip,
    destination, etc.). An insurance availability
    search is equivalent to a request to an insurance
    vendor to provide a price for insurance services
  • Insurance Quote Response (2001b)
  • The insurance quote response returns to the
    requestor a price quotation, as well as details
    about the insurance company providing the quote,
    contact people/numbers if the requestor needs
    more information, any restrictions on the policy,
    and booking details

41
Travel Insurance
  • Insurance Book Request (2001b)
  • resembles the insurance quote request in
    structure and contents
  • Insurance Book Response (2001b)
  • The insurance book response returns to the
    requestor the details about the insurance plan(s)
    booked as well as confirms the information that
    was sent with the insurance book request message

42
Hotel
  • Hotel Search Messages
  • OTA_HotelSearchRQ (2001b) - Identifies the
    initial request for hotel property data
  • OTA_HotelSearchRS (2001b) - Returns a list of
    hotel properties that meet the requested criteria
    and/or Warnings, or Errors if the request did not
    succeed

43
Hotel
  • Hotel Availability Messages
  • (2001b) - Requests
    availability of hotel properties by specific
    criteria that may include dates, date ranges,
    price range, room types, regular and qualifying
    rates, and/or services and amenities
  • (2001b) - Returns information
    about hotel properties that meet the requested
    criteria, indicating whether the requested
    service, rate, room stay, etc. is available
    within the date(s) specified. The response
    message may include Warnings from business
    processing rules, or Errors if the request did
    not succeed

44
Hotel
  • Hotel Reservation
  • (2001b) Sends a request for a
    reservation to another system. All the elements
    and attributes that constitute the reservation
    that are known are sent with the request
  • (2001b) - Returns confirmation
    that the reservation has been successfully
    booked, and includes a confirmation or
    reservation number to identify the reservation.
    Warnings from business processing rules or errors
    are returned if the request did not succeed. It
    may optionally include the updated reservation
    data

45
Hotel
  • Hotel Reservation Notification
  • OTA_HotelResNotifRQ Sends a reservation to
    another system. All the elements and attributes
    are optional, unless otherwise stated as required
  • OTA_HotelResNotifRQ - Returns acknowledgement
    that the reservation has been successfully
    received, or includes Warnings from business
    processing rules or errors if the request did not
    succeed. It may optionally include the updated
    reservation data

46
Commission Messages
  • provides a request/response pair of messages to
    support the functionality of updating other
    systems with commissions to be paid.
  • OTA_CommNotifRQ Sends a report to another
    system
  • OTA_CommNotifRS - Returns acknowledgement that
    the report has been successfully received, or
    includes Warnings from business processing rules
    or errors if the request did not succeed

47
Stay Information Notification Messages
  • provides a request/response pair of messages to
    support the functionality of updating other
    systems with Guest Stay Information
  • OTA_StayInfoNotifRQ Sends guest stay
    information to another system such as Central
    Reservation System or the hotel management
    company
  • OTA_StayInfoNotifRS - Returns acknowledgement
    that the report has been successfully received,
    or includes Warnings from business processing
    rules or errors if the request did not succeed

48
Statistics Messages
  • OTA_StatsNotifRQ Sends a report to another
    system.
  • OTA_StatsNotifRS - Returns acknowledgement that
    the report has been successfully received, or
    includes Warnings from business processing rules
    or errors if the request did not succeed
  • OTA_StatsRQ Sends a request for a report to
    another system
  • OTA_StatsRS

49
Meeting Profile Messages
  • - Requests the
    receiving system to accept creation of a meeting.
    All pertanent details about the meeting are
    included
  • Returns
    acknowledgement of the request and can include
    additional information (reservationID)

50
Hotel Availability, Rate and Inventory Messages
  • OTA_HotelAvailNotifRQ /RS
  • OTA_HotelBookingRuleNotifRQ /RS
  • OTA_HotelRateAmountNotifRQ /RS
  • OTA_HotelSummaryNotifRQ /RS
  • OTA_HotelInvCountNotifRQ/RS
  • OTA_HotelInvNotifRQ /RS
  • OTA_HotelInvBlockNotifRQ/RS
  • OTA_HotelRatePlanNotifRQ /RS
  • OTA_HotelDescriptiveContentNotifRQ /RS

51
Package Tours/Holiday Bookings 2001c
  • Package Availability
  • Package Availability Request
  • Provides the identification criteria for the
    package and customer requirements
  • Package Availability Response
  • Returns a priced summary of the requested package
    or Warnings, or Errors if the request did not
    succeed
  • Package Booking
  • Package Booking Request
  • Package Booking Response

52
OTA Profile Specification
53
OTA Profile
  • The OTA 2001A Profile specification defines the
    detailed business content of a customer profile
    from a travel industry perspective
  • provides a set of common messages for
    transmitting customer profile data that customers
    provide to travel services to create these
    profiles, and for the exchange of profile
    information between travel services within the
    industry

54
Profile
55
Profile
56
Profile
57
Accesses
58
Accesses
59
Access
60
Access
61
Customer
62
Customer
63
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64
Person Name
65
Telephone Info
66
AddressInfo
67
PaymentInfo
68
CreditCard
69
Contact Person
70
Document
71
CustLoyalty
72
Travel Preferences
73
Preferences
74
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75
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76
Vehicle Coverage Pref
77
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78
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79
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Other Travel services
84
Affiliations
85
Company Info
86
Agreements
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