RESILIENCE IN CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORKS

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RESILIENCE IN CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORKS
Tom ORourke Cornell University
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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORKS

• Electric Power
• Gas and Liquid Fuels
• Telecommunications
• Transportation
• Wastewater Facilities
• Water Supply

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SCADA, Communications
ORourke from Peerenboom, Fisher, and Whitfield,
2001
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WTC 7 NYC Emergency Operations Center
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1020 AM
830 AM
1000 AM
920 AM
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Fireboats 9000 gpm 600 l/sec
Pipelines 4500 gpm 300 l/sec
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WTC 7
N
WTC 5
WTC 6
MTA WTC STATION
WTC 1
PATH RAILROAD
Slurry Wall
PATH STATION
WTC 2
WTC 4
WTC 3
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Securing PATH System from Flooding
New Jersey
Manhattan
PATH Exchange Place Station is below building.
Track is 6m lower than at WTC Station.
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS

• Verizon Building Was One of Largest Central
  Offices in the World
• Equivalent to Capacity of Austria, Denmark,
  Egypt

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TELECOM EQUIPMENT

• NEBS Standards with Input from Earthquakes
• Verizon Switches were Functional
• ATT IP Transport Other Equipment Worked after
  WT 2 Collapse
• Switches Eventually Replaced Because of
  Dust-Clogged Air Filters

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VERIZON LOSSES

• 200,000 Voice Lines
• 4.4 Million Data Circuits
• 11 Cell Sites
• 14,000 Businesses
• 20,000 Residences
• Emergency 911 Service Failure, Switched to
  Brooklyn

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VERIZON RESPONSE

• 911 Service Instantly Switched to Central Office
  in Brooklyn
• Never Missed a 911 Recorded Call
• 38,000 911 Recorded Calls
• 71 Increase in Normal 911 Volume

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September 11 Blocked Call Rate
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Personal Digital Assistants
RIM 950
RIM 957
Palm VII
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ORIGINAL SIDN/SIAC NETWORK
East 56th St.
Backbone Capacity
West 50th St.
Broad St.
140 West St.
NYSE
2 Metro Tech
55 Water St.
SIDN Securities Industry Data Network
SIAC Securities Industry Automation Corporation
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EXTREME EVENTS

• July 2005 London Bombings
• August 1983 Garment District Incident

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JULY 7 2005 LONDON TERRORIST ATTACK
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LESSONS FOR MANAGEMENT

• Understand and Plan for Transportation
  Bottlenecks (e.g., Impact on Diesel Deliveries)
• Use of Wireless E Mail in Emergencies
• Plan for Rapid Building Inspection Business
  Restoration
• Protocols and Cooperative Agreements Among Key
  Public and Private Organizations

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ADVANCED SENSOR TECHNOLOGY

• Wireless
• Self-Configuring Sensor Networks
• Real Time Monitoring

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GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)
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Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP)

• Serves 3.8 Million People
• 12,000 km Distribution Trunk Pipelines
• 1200 km2

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LESSONS FOR RESEARCHERS

• Sensor Networks Critical for Infrastructure
  Resilience
• Combined Sensors and Advanced GIS for
  Visualization, Map-Based Interpretation, and
  Management
• Sensors Adapted to Infrastructure Functions and
  Operational Characteristics
• Network Interdependencies
• Physical Proximity, Interoperability,
  Institutional Interactions