Environmental meauserments waste water discharges quality of the soil

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Environmental meauserments - waste water
discharges- quality of the soil
Melina Dajic Valjevac, dipl.ing.hem
Vrnjacka Banja, October 2007
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Environmental meauserments - requirements -

• To determine quality for the purpose of
  diferent usage agriculture, water suply,
  irigation etc

• State of the environement before, during
• and after civil enginering works,
  construction of industry etc.
• To investigate impacts.

• To sutisfy regulative - polluter pays
  principle

• Monitoring

• Research

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Meauserment of waste water discharges

• Define source diffuse or point
• Distribution of pollution spatial
• boundaries of the investigation, number
• of wastewater discharges etc.
• Pollution load c x v

Concentration of polution surfactants, oil and
grease, phenols, cyanides, PAH, PCB
Water and air volume Soil mass
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Meauserments of waste water discharges - quantity
-

• velocities (flow) meter for open flows,
• Pito tubes
• Volumetric methods
• Automatic meauserments

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Meauserments of waste water discharges- quantity
-
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Meauserments of waste water discharges - quality
-

• Physical and chemical
• Microbiological

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Meauserments of waste water discharges - quality
-

• Sampling
• Taking representative sample
• Some parameters of quality require special
  bottles (glass, PVC, desinfected for microbiology
  etc.)

• Analisis at site temperature, pH, conductivity,
  disolved oxygen, turbidity

• Analisis in the laboratory

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Analisis of physical and chemical parameters in
water

• Temperature, Turbidity, color, odor, taste
• pH value, Conductivity, total solids, suspended
  solids, total dissolved solids, volatile matter,
• Hardness total, carbonate
• Heavy metals Ca, Mg, Fe,
• Free CO2, Chlorides, Ammonia, Nitrate, nitrite,
  phosphorus (total and orthophosphate), sulphate,
  consumption of KMnO4 , COD,
• Indicators of pollution heavy metals (Pb, Cu,
  Cd, Cr, Hg, Zn, As, Ni), surfactants, oil and
  grease, phenols, fluorides, cyanides, pesticides,
  PAH, PCB, TOC.

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Methodes for analisis of physical and chemical
parameters in water

• Instrumental pH-meter, turbidymeter,
  Conductometer, oxymeter, spectrophotometer (UV,
  Atomic absobtion), chromatography (gas, liquid),
  TOC, TON etc.
• Volumetric (titration) acid-base,
  sedimentation, oxidation - reduction
• Gravimetric difference in mass

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Meauserments of waste water discharges - quality
-

• Physical and chemical
• Microbiological

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Analisis of microbiological parameters

• Total aerobioc mesofilic bacteria in 1 ml
• Total coliforms in 100 ml
• Fecal coliformes in 100 ml
• Fecal Streptococci in 100 ml
• Proteus in 100 ml
• Sulphitereducing Clostridia in 100 ml
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 100

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Determination of the pollution load in waste
water expresed as population equivalent (PE)

• Population equivalent (in waste-water monitoring
  and treatment) refers to the amount of
  oxygendemanding substances whose oxygen
  consumption during biodegradation equals the
  average oxygen demand of the waste water produced
  by one person. For practical calculations, it is
  assumed that one unit equals 54 grams of BOD per
  24 hours.
• population equivalent (p.e.) is a measure of
  pollution representing the average organic
  biodegradable load per person per day it is
  defined in Directive 91/271/EEC as the organic
  biodegradable load having a five-day biochemical
  oxygen demand (BOD5) of 60g of oxygen per day.

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Determination of the pollution load in waste
water expresed as population equivalent (PE)

• Site works 48 h
• Meauserment of flow every 15 minutes
• Sampling every 15 minutes to prepare 2 h
  composite samples
• Meauserment of temperature every 2 h

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Determination of the pollution load in waste
water expresed as population equivalent (PE)

• Laboratory analysis
• On 2h composite samples
• Total suspended solids (filtration)
• Chemical consumption of oxygen (dychromatometric
  method)
• biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)
• Total nitrogen (N-Kjeldahl)
• Total phosphorus (spectrophotometric)
• On 24h composite samples
• Toxicity
• Specific parameters depend on industry heavy
  metals, oil and grease, surfactants

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Toxicity

• Results of the specific parameter analisis are
  not in the acount for the PE, but their impact is
  partialy covered by analyze of toxicity.
• Test Daphnia magna is standard methode for the
  determination of toxicity for waste water
• Daphnia magna are small organisms very sensitve
  on the presence of different pollution. Daphnia
  magna grows in the laboratory on certain
  temparature, food and by often cleaning.
• Generaly test consist of exposure of the certain
  number organisms Daphnia magna in the diferent
  waste water dilutions.
• Result of the analyse is the dilution of the
  waste water in which 50 exposed organisms die.
  So, the lower result means the higher toksistiy.

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Calculation of the pollution load in waste water
expresed as population equivalent (PE)

• PE EsmEom EN EP Etok Rt
• Esm Tsm/55 - PE by suspended matter
• EomTom /40 x K - PE by organic matter
• EN TN /12 - PE by nitrogen
• EP TP/2 - PE by phosphorus
• Tsm, Tom TN i TP - pollution load (q x c)
  by suspended
• and organic matter, total nitrogen and
  phosphorus.
• K1/1,7 n ? (HPK/BPK5)
• Etok 1000 / 48hLC50 q - PE by toxicity
• RT q Tmax 104 / 1,56 TD - PE by
  temperature

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PE for the thermal power plant in Tuzla

• Relevant data
• Two discharge outlets waste water from the slag
  disposal site and from the main colector
• High pH value - high toxicity
• High concentrations of the suspended matter

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PE for the thermal power plant in Tuzla

• - flow -

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PE for the thermal power plant in Tuzla
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PE for the thermal power plant in Tuzla

• Population equivalent is calculated for each
  discharge outlet separetly, and the final result
  is sum of PEs.

• PE PE1 PE2 245151 29417 27456

• Total PE is additionaly corected if the industry
  is not worked by 100 capacity during
  meauserments.

• Capacity was 63

• PE 274568 / 0,63 435 822 PE

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Poluter pays

• 2,00 KM (around 1 ) for 1 PE
• industries are clasify in the four group that pay
  for their waste water polution in a different
  ways
• Big industries according to the determination
  of PE
• Smaler industries - by comparison with the
  similar bigger industries
• More smaler industries acording to the indexes
  taking from the rule
• More smaler industries and population according
  to the quantity of waste water

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Analysis of the surface water

• Monitoring
• To asses impacts on quality

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Regulation regarding monitoring of surface water

• The state of Bosnia and Herzegovina is regulated
  by the Dayton Agreement and comprises three
  separate administrative units (two entities and
  one district) Republic of Srpska (RS),
  Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBIH,
  divided into 10 cantons) and Brcko District.
• Water stream categorization published in Official
  gazette SR BiH, no 42/67, and enforced as a
  federal act based on the Water Law, article 242,
  paragraph 4, published in Official Gazette
  Federation of BiH, no 18/98
• The Act on classification of waters and sea of
  Yugoslavia falling within borders of SR BiH
  (Official gazette SR BiH, no 42/67.), that is
  accepted as a federal act on the whole territory
  of Federation BiH
• Four categories and classes of water

MAC prescribed in FBIH
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Regulation regarding monitoring of surface water

• The Act on classification of waters and
  categorization of water streem, u published in
  Official gazette RS, no 42/01, harmonised
  according to EC
• Water is clasified in five clases

MAC prescribed in FBIH
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Interpretation of the comparison to the MAC

• If analysis determine result that is over MAC in
  only one parameter then water is out of
  prescribed class.

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• Analyze of soil quality

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Soil definition

• Soil is generally defined as the top layer of the
  Earths crust. It is formed by mineral particles,
  organic matter, water, air and living organisms.
• Food and other agriculture production, essential
  for human survival, and forestry are totally
  dependent on soil. Almost all vegetation
  including grassland, arable crops and trees, need
  soil for the supply of water and nutrients and to
  fix their roots.
• Soil stores and partly transforms minerals,
  organic matter, water and energy, and diverse
  chemical substances. It functions as a natural
  filter for groundwater, the main source for
  drinking water, and it releases CO2, methane and
  other gases in the atmosphere.
• Science that deal with quality of soil is
  pedology

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Negative impacts on land

• Due to the impact of surface exploitation of
  various resources (coal, iron ore, aluminium,
  clay), so called technogene deserts were
  formed. At this point they cover around 15.000
  20.000 ha.
• Negative impacts on land, caused by various
  factors, can be grouped into for basic groups
  such as infection, contamination, degradation and
  destruction

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Negative impact on soil

• Diffuse soil contamination
• from combustion of lead-containing petrol in car
  motors, from dust and air emissions from
  metal-processing industries or from use of
  various fuels (coal, fuel oil) for the heating of
  houses.
• Surplus soil from construction work in central
  urban areas and industrial areas is also often
  contaminated
• typically seen in old urban areas, areas built on
  landfills from central urban areas, along major
  roads and near metal-processing plants.

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Contamination of soil

• Acidifying contaminants (Deposition of airborne
  pollutants releases into soils acidifying
  contaminants (e.g. SO2, NOx) gradually decrease
  the buffering capacity of soils resulting with
• releasing of aluminium and other toxic metals
  into aquatic systems.
• favouring the leaching out of nutrients with
  subsequent loss of soil fertility and possible
  eutrophication problems in water and excess of
  nitrates in drinking water.
• damaging beneficial soil micro-organisms, slowing
  down biological activity.
• heavy metals (e.g. cadmium, copper) in
  fertilizers and animal feed. Possible uptake of
  cadmium in the food chain.
• several organic compounds (e.g. dioxins, PCBs,
  PAHs).

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Contamination of soil

• Pesticides are toxic compounds deliberately
  released into the environment to fight plant
  pests and diseases. They can accumulate in the
  soil, leach to the groundwater and evaporate into
  the air from which further deposition onto soil
  can take place. They also may affect soil
  biodiversity and enter the food chain.
• While the use of pesticides is regulated, and
  they should be only applied following Good
  Farming Practice, pesticides have been found to
  leach through the soil into groundwater and to be
  eroded with soil into surface water. Accumulation
  in soil occurs, in particular of those compounds
  now prohibited in the EU.

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Monitoring of soil

• Monitoring is a tool for early detection of
  environmental effects on soil and soil processes.
  Monitoring programme can help to reduce or
  mitigate environmental damage. Monitoring can
  also assist in the development of strategies for
  soil protection and environmental management.

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• The basic general parameters essential for
  the effective characterization of all sites at
  which soils are to be directly monitored are
• A sampling design that allows for long-term,
  robust assessment
• Soil profile description such as soil structure,
  evidence of compaction, status of the soil
  surface, depth the impermeable layers, stoniness
  etc.
• Soil classification
• Identification of soil parent material
• Site characteristics, such as slope, historical
  and current land use and land management recorded
  according to an agreed system

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• An agreement is required on sampling depth
• Soil bulk density
• Pore size distribution, and stone content and
  stone size
• Particle size distribution (sand, silt, clay)
• Soil pH (water, an electrolyte)
• Soil cation exchange capacity
• Soil water holding capacity and the water
  retention curve
• Hydraulic conductivity
• Depth to groundwater
• Mineralogy.

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• There is a strong case for linking the elements
  of interest to those likely to increase from
  atmospheric deposition, from additions of sewage
  sludge, or from other wastes, and these relate
  strongly to various existing EU directives
• Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper
  (Cu), Mercury (Hg),
• Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Uranium
  (U), Phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N),
• Organic compounds of potential interest cover a
  very wide spectrum. The organic compounds of
  greatest concern may be the following, but their
  monitoring in the soil is restricted to specific
  sites
• Halogenated compounds (e. g. HCH, DDT/DDE),
• Poly-aromatic hydrocarbons,
• Polychlorinated-biphenyls,
• Di-benzofurans and di-benzodioxins.

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Metods for determination of dengerous matters in
solil

• Concentrationof heavy metals
• Exstraction in aqua regia total concentration
• Exstraction in different reagents bioavillable
  concentrations
• Detection on AAS
• Polyaromatichydrocarbones exstraction by
  diferent extraction solutions and detection on
  gas or luiqid chromatography or spectrophotometry
• Sumpor, nitrate and phosphate spectrophotometry
  and gravimetric

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• Thanks