SOL Review

1
SOL Review
2
FUSION

• A TYPE OF ATOMIC OR NUCLEAR REACTION
• THE SOURCE OF THE HEAT AND RADIATION THAT STARS
  PRODUCE
• THE SOURCE OF HEAT FROM THE SUN

3
MERCALLI SCALE

• A SCALE OF EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY
• RANGING FROM I-XII
• IAN EARTHQUAKE DETECTED ONLY BY SEISMOGRAPHS
• XIICAUSING TOTAL DESTRUCTION OF ALL BUILDINGS

4
RED-SHIFT

• SPECTRUM PROOF OF THE BIG BANG
• OBJECTS ARE MOVING AWAY
• JUST LIKE AN AMBULANCE THAT MOVES AWAY GETS
  SOFTER AND SOFTER

5
GNEISS

• METAMORPHIC FORM OF GRANITE
• FOUND IN HE PIEDMONT
• SHOWS SIGNS OF BANDING

6
ROTATION

• EARTH SPINNING ON AXIS
• ONE DAY ONE TURN
• 23 HOURS 59 MIN

7
REVOLUTION

• EARTH SPINNING AROUND SUN
• ONE YEAR ONE LAP
• 365.25 DAYS

8
NITROGEN

• 78 OF THE MODERN ATMOSPHERE OF EARTH

9
PRESSURE

• FORCE / UNIT AREA
• AIR PRESSURE WEIGHT OF AIR
• MEASURED WITH BAROMETER
• UNIT MILLIBARS /INCHES OF Hg
• STANDARD PRESSURE 14.7 PSI
• HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM

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MINERAL PROPERTIES

• COLOR
• HARDNESS / STREAK TEST
• CLEAVAGE / FRACTURE
• LUSTER LIGHT SHINES OFF
• DOUBLE REFRACTION (CALCITE)
• SMELL / TASTE

11
WATER DISPLACEMENT

• METHOD USED TO DETERMINE THE VOLUME OF AN
  IRREGULARLY SHAPED OBJECT
• PLACE THE OBJECT IN A KNOWN QUANTITY OF WATER.
  CAREFULLY DROP OBJECT INTO GRADUATED CYLINDER

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TIDES

• THE MOONS GRAVITY CAUSES TIDES
• 4X PER DAY
• 2 HIGH AND 2 LOW

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LIGHTNING

• THE FLOW OF ELECTRON DURING A STORM
• CAN MOVE FROM
• CLOUD CLOUD
• CLOUD GROUND
• GROUND CLOUD

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MASS

• AMOUNT OF MATTER IN AN OBJECT
• MEASURED IN GRAMS (g)
• MEASURE WITH SCALE (BALANCE)
• DOES NOT CHANGE FROM PLACE TO PLACE

15
DENSITY

• D MASS / VOLUME
• INCREASE DENSITY OBJECT SINKS
• DECREASE DENSITY OBJECT FLOATS

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FAULTING/FOLDING

• PROCESS THAT HAPPENS TO
• COLLIDING CONTINENTS
• FAULTING IS FRACTURING OR BREAKING OF PLATE
• FOLDING IS THE BENDING OF PLATE
• VIRGINIA FORMED FROM A COLISION

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SOLAR SYSTEM

• THE SUN AND ALL THE OBJECTS THAT ORBIT
• SUN IS 99 OF THE MASS
• PLANETS NAME
• MOONS
• ASTEROIDS / METEOROIDS
• COMETS
• EMPTY SPACE MOST OF SOLAR SYSTEM

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TOPOGRAPHIC

• MAP THAT SHOWS ELEVATION
• CONTOUR LINES
• HILLS / VALLEYS / DEPRESSIONS
• ALTITUDE
• SEA-LEVEL
• CLOSE CONTOURS STEEP

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EARTH STRUCTURE

• CRUST
• ASTHENOSPHERE
• MANTLE
• OUTER CORE
• INNER CORE

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FALL LINE

• SEPERATES THE COASTAL PLANE FROM THE PIEDMONT
• SLOPE CHANGES FROM SLIGHTLY STEEP TO FLAT

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SOLAR ECLIPSE

• WHEN THE MOON BLOCKS OUT THE SUNS LIGHT

22
PLATEAU

• A USUALLY EXTENSIVE LAND AREA HAVING A RELATIVELY
  LEVEL SURFACE RAISED SHARPLY ABOVE ADJACENT LAND
  ON AT LEAST ONE SIDE
• THE APPLACHIAN PLATEAU IS MADE OF COAL

23
DELTA STAGE OF RIVER

• THE TRIANGULAR SHAPED DEPOSIT AT THE MOUTH OF A
  RIVER
• MISSISSIPPI DELTA

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COAL

• FROM PEAT
• HEAT AND PRESSURE AND TIME
• ANTHRACITE
• LIGNITE
• BITUMINOUS
• USED TO BURN PRODUCE HEAT MAKE ELECTRICITY

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H-R DIAGRAM

• A GRAPH THAT SHOWS THE TEMPERATURE, BRIGHTNESS
  AND COLOR OF STARS
• SUN IS ON THE MAIN SEQUENCE

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COLD FRONT

• SPIKED ON A WEATHER MAP
• COLD AIR BEHIND THE FRONT
• WARM AIR IN FRONT OF THE FRONT

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EARTHS INTERIOR STRUCTURE

• CRUST ROCK
• MANTLE PLASTIC
• CORE LIQUID
• INNER CORE SOLID

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RING OF FIRE

• OUTER EDGE OF THE PASIFIC PLATE

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CLAY

• SEDIMENT
• SMALLEST OF ALL SEDIMENT
• FOUND IN WILLIAMSBURG
• POTTERY FACTORY
• USED TO MAKE BRICK, CUPS , ETC

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EQUATOR

• 0 DEGREES LATITUDE
• HOTTEST PLACE ON THE EARTH
• GETS DIRECT RAYS

31
ACID RAIN

• PRECIPITATION WITH A pH VALUE LESS THAN 5.6
• CAUSES WEATHERING AND CROP DAMAGE
• CAUSED BY POLLUTION FROM BURNING HIGH SULFURIC
  COAL

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MMAGNETIC REVERSAL

• PROOF FOR SEA-FLOOR SPREADING
• CORE SAMPLE NEAR MID-OCEAN SHOWS PATTERNS OF
  ALTERNATE MAGNETIC FIELDS

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IGNEOUS

• ROCK MADE FROM MAGMA OR LAVA
• INRUSIVE (INSIDE)
• EXTRUSIVE (OUTSIDE)
• GRANITE
• OBSIDIAN
• PUMICE
• BASALT

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METAMORPHIC

• TO CHANGE
• HEAT AND PRESSURE
• MARBLE LIMESTONE
• SCHIST SANDSTONE
• DIAMOND COAL
• SLATE SHALE

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ASTHENOSPHERE

• PARTLY MELTED UPPER LAYER OF THE MANTLE

36
MOHS SCALE OF HARDNESS

• USED TO TELL HOW HARD A MINERAL IS
• IT COMES FROM SCRATCH TESTING
• DIAMOND HARDEST 10
• TALC SOFTEST 1

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QUARTZ

• 7 ON MOHS SCALE
• 50 CRUST OF THE EARTH
• FOUND IN GRANITE WITH MICA AND FELDSPAR

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EPICENTER

• THE PART OF THE EARTHS SURFACE DIRECTLY ABOVE
  THE FOCUS OF AN EARTHQUAKE
• 3 EARTHQUAKE STATIONS ARE NEEDED TO TRIANGULATE
  AN EPICENTER

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KARST TOPOGRAPHY

• MADE OF LIMESTONE
• VALLEY AND RIDGE
• ASSOCIATED WITH CAVES / SINKHOLES

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GREENHOUSE EFFECT

• CAUSED BY CARBON DIOXIDE
• WILL RAISE THE TEMPERATURE OF THE AMTOSPHERE IF
  IT INCREASES
• VERY STRONG ON PLANET VENUS
• NAMED BECAUSE OF THE GLASS HOUSE USED TO GROW
  PLANTS

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CONVECTION CURRENT

• NATURAL PATTERN CAUSED BY DIFFERENCES IN
  TEMPERATURE OR PRESSURE
• WARM AIR / WATER RISES
• COLD AIR / WATER SINKS
• GULF STREAM
• JET STREAM

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LIMESTONE

• SEDIMENTARY ROCK
• MADE OF CARBONATES
• EASILY DISOLVES IN CARBON DIOXIDE
• VALLEY AND RIDGE OF VIRGINIA
• MADE FROM CHEMICAL SEDIMENTS
• WILL FORM MARBLE - METAMORPHIC

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GEOGRAPHIC PROVINCES OF VIRGINIA

• COASTAL PLAIN SEDIMENT
• PEIDMONT GRANITE / METAMORPHIC ROCK
• BLUE RIDGE METAMORPHIC ROCK
• VALLEY AND RIDGE KARST
• APPALACHIAN PLATEAU COAL

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RENEWABLE VS NONRENEWABLE

• FOSSIL FUELS ARE NONRENEWABLE
• SOIL NR
• WATER R
• HYDROELECTRIC R
• WOOD (TREES) RENEWABLE

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ROCK FORMING MINERALS

• FELDSPAR
• MICA
• QUARTZ
• CALCITE

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CARBON DIOXIDE

• GREENHOUSE GAS
• LESS THAN 1 OF EARTHS ATMOSPHERE
• VENUSS ATMOSPHERE
• PRODUCED BY BURNING FOSSIL FUELS

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SEDIMENTARY ROCK

• MADE FROM DEPOSITED SEDIMENTS
• CEMENTED TOGETHER
• LAYERS
• FOSSILS FOUND IN THIS ROCK LAYER
• SHALE, SANDSTONE, LIMESTONE, CONGLOMERATE

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FOSSIL

• REMAINS OF SOMETHING THAT ONCE LIVED
• AMBER
• MOLD / CAST
• TRACE FOSSILS FOOTPRINTS
• FOUND IN
• TAR PITS
• ICE
• SEDIMENTARY ROCK

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GEOLOGIC TIME

• BASED ON FOSSIL RECORD
• EARTH 4.6 BILLION YEARS OLD
• PRECAMBRIAN ALGAE, PLANKTON
• PALEOZOIC FISH / SEA LIFE
• MESOZOIC REPTILES
• CENOZOIC MAMMALS

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AQUIFER

• GROUND WATER INFILTRATION
• WATER TABLE
• ZONE OF SATURATION
• ZONE OF AERATION
• RECHARGE PUTS WATER BACK IN
• PERMEABLE ROCK VS. IMPERMEABLE ROCK

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EARTH ATMOSPHERE

• LAYER OF AIR THAT SURROUNDS THE PLANET
• 78 NITROGEN
• 21 OXYGEN
• MADE FROM OUTGASSING PROCESS
• TROPOSPHERE LOWEST LAYER

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GRAVITY

• UNIVERSAL FORCE OF ATTRACTION
• ISAAC NEWTON
• DIRECTLY RELATED TO MASS
• INVERSELY RELATED TO DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO OBJECTS
• MOON HAS 6X LESS THAN EARTH

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BIG BANG THEORY

• HOW THE UNIVERSE STARTED?
• EVIDENCE DOPPLER SHIFT OR RED SHIFT
• UNIVERSE IS EXPANDING

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ROCK CYCLE

• IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC

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GRAPH

• PICTURE OF DATA
• BAR
• LINE
• X-AXIS INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
• Y-AXIS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
• SCALE

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PSYCHROMETER

• MEASURE RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF AIR
• WET BULB VS DRY BULB TEMPERATURE
• EVAPORATION IS A COOLING PROCESS

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ANEMOMETER

• AN INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING AND INDICATING THE
  FORCE OR SPEED OF THE WIND

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SILT

• A TYPE OF SEDIMENT
• SMALLER THAN FINE SAND
• LARGER THAN CLAY
• WILL MAKE SHALE ON SEDIMENTATION

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ARCTIC CIRCLE

• 66.5 DEGREES NORTH OR SOUTH LATITUDE
• VERY COLD ZONE ON EARTH BECAUSE IT RECEIVES VERY
  LITTLE RADIATION FROM THE SUN

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SEA FLOOR SPREADING

• PROOF OF PLATE TECTONICS
• HAPPENS AT MID-OCEAN RIDGES
• DIVERGING PLATE BOUNDARY
• MAGMA COMES UP INTO THE FAULT

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CHEASAPEAKE BAY

• SUNKEN ESTUARY
• DELICATE ECO-SYSTEM
• DELMARVA PENINSULA

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CLASTIC VS NONCLASTIC

• CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ARE MADE OF FRAGMENTS
  OF OTHER ROCKS AND INCLUE SANDSTONE, SHALE, AND
  CONGLOMERATE
• NONCLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS INCLUDE LIMESTONE
  AND GYPSUM

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TALC

• SOFTEST MINERAL 1 MOHS SCALE OF HARDNESS
• USED IN BABY POWDER

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RADIO-ACTIVE DECAY

• USED TO MEASURE GEOLOGIC TIME
• CARBON 14
• HALF-LIFE

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OUTER CORE

• MADE OF MOLTEN ROCK (LIQUID)
• VERY HOT
• MOSTLY NICKEL AND IRON
• DYNAMIC IN CONSTANT MOTION

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SAND/GRAVEL

• FOUND IN THE COASTAL PLAIN
• INCLUDES SAND AND SEDIMENT
• USED IN CONSTRUCTION TRADES
• CEMENT AND ROAD CONSTRUCTION
• SIDEWALKS

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TROPICS

• CANCER 23.5 DEGREES NORTH LATITUDE
• CAPRICORN 23.5 DEGREES SOUTH LATITUDE
• WARM ZONE OF THE EARTH

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BASALT

• EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK
• VERY DENSE
• MAKES UP OCEANIC CRUST

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RIFTING

• WHAN A LANDMASS SEPARATES FROM PLATES DIVIDING
  OVER LAND
• GREAT AFRICAN RIFT VALLEY
• ICELAND RIFT ZONE

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TEMPERATURE

• MEASURE HOW FAST MOLECULES MOVE
• INSTRUMENT THERMOMETER
• BOILING 212 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT
• 100 DEGREES CELSIUS
• FREEZING 32 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT
• 0 DEREES CELSIUS

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PLATE TECTONICS

• THEORY ABOUT THE EARTH
• CRUST IS MADE OF PLATES
• PLATES ARE MOVING
• SUBDUCTION
• SEA-FLOOR SPREADING
• DIVERGENT / CONVERGENT / TRANSFORM

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EROSION

• PROCESS THAT OCCURS TO SEDIMENT
• WIND
• WATER
• ICE
• GRAVITY
• SEDIMENT GRAVEL SAND SILT CLAY

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DEPOSITION

• PROCESS THAT OCCURS TO SEDIMENT
• LAYING DOWN OF SEDIMENT
• STOPPING OF EROSION
• LAYER UPON LAYERS UPON LAYERS

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WEATHERING

• PROCESS THAT HAPPENS TO ROCK
• BREAKDOWN
• FALLING APART
• CHEMICAL / PHYSICAL / MECHANICAL
• FREEZE- THAW MOST COMMON

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VOLUME

• AMOUNT OF SPACE THAT IS OCCUIED BY MATTER
• VOLUME L x W x H
• WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD

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AREA

• SURFACE AREA
• AREA L x W

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REPEATED TRIAL

• IN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN USED TO INSURE VALID
  RESULTS

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VARIABLE

• FACTO IN AN EXPERIMENT THAT CAN BE MEASURED FOR
  CHANGES
• INDEPENDENT X-AXIS
• DEPENDENT Y-AXIS

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SUBDUCTION

• PROCESS THAT HAPPENS TO COLLIDING PLATES
• MORE DENSE PLATE SINKS UNDER OTHER PLATE

80
MAP

• FLAT PICTURE OF THE EARTH ON PAPER
• TOPOGRAPHIC ELEVATION
• GEOLOGIC ROCKS, MINERALS
• WEATHER H AND L, FRONTS
• MERCATOR PROJECTION / SCALE
• BATHYMETRIC DEPTH OF WATER

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GLOBE

• 3-D REPRESENTATION OF EARTH
• EQUATOR O DEGRES LATITUDE
• TROPICS 23.5 N OR S FROM EQUATOR
• ARCTIC CIRCLES 23.5 N OR S FROM POLES
• PRIME MERIDIAN
• POLES
• ROTATION VS REVOLUTION

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MESOZOIC ERA

• AGE OF REPTILES DINOSAURS
• TRIASSIC, JURASSIC, CRETACEOUS
• MASS EXTINCTION AT THE END
• MAMMALS SHOW UP AT END

83
GRANITE

• INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK
• FOUND IN PIEDMONT
• MADE OF MICA, QUARTZ, FELDSPAR
• USED FOR BUILDINGS, STATUES

84
KYANITE

• WHITE MINERAL
• FOOTHILLS
• USED IN CERAMICS
• HIGH INSULATION PROPERTIES

85
POINT SOURCE VS NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION

• POINT SOURCE SINGLE IDENTIFIABLE SOURCE OF
  POLLUTION
• NONPOINT SOURCE NO ONE SINGLE SOURCE OF
  POLLUTION, MANY DIFFERENT SOURCES

86
OZONE

• Stratospheric ozone good ozone, absorbs
  ultraviolet radiation from the sun as it passes
  through earths atmosphere
• Ground ozone primary component of smog and is
  harmful to humans and the environment

87
Ecosystem

• The complex of a community of organisms and its
  environment functioning as an ecological unit

88
Trilobites

• An important index fossil
• Extinct Paleozoic marine arthropods

89
Barometer

• Used to measure air pressure
• Invented by Torricelli
• Uses mercury in glass tube
• STP 29.92
• Measures the weight of air

90
Pollution

• Water
• Air
• Land
• Often caused by burning fossil fuels
• Burning coal sulfur acid rain