Title: Use of Tires as a Fuel in the Manufacture of Cement Regulator Environment
1Use of Tires as a Fuel in the Manufacture of
Cement Regulator Environment
Presented By Randy Gue Business Development Mgr.
2Presentation Overview
- Cement manufacturing process
- How and why tires are used in the process
- Established environment record for the use of
tire derived fuel (TDF) - Regulatory outlook
- Conclusion
3Cement Manufacturing Process
- Step 1. Create a raw mix
- Step 2. Burn the raw mix in a kiln to produce
clinker - Step 3. Pulverize the clinker to make the powder
known as cement
4Clarification
Cement
Concrete
Water Rocks Sand
5Step 1. Creating a raw mix
- Raw materials are combined in exact proportions
to create a chemically correct raw mix - Silica (sand, clay, shale)
- Alumina (clay, shale, low grade bauxite)
- Iron (mill scale, smelter slag)
- Lime (limestone)
- Raw mix is pulverized in a mill
6Step 2. Burning the raw mix in a kiln
- Raw mix is burned in a kiln
- Material temperatures 1450 0 C
- End product is cooled to form pellet size
material Clinker
7Some technical characteristics of cement kilns
- Long residence time
- Contact between flue gas with caustic material(
scrubbing effect) - Turbulent atmosphere
- Temperatures operate above 1450 C
8Step 3. Pulverizing the Clinker
- Clinker is combined with a small percentage of
gypsum and ground in a mill to produce the powder
know as cement
9How and Why Tires Are Used in the Process
- Used as a source of fuel
- Replaces conventional fuels such as coal and
petroleum coke - Can be used shredded or burned whole
10A Valuable Resource !
Calorific value
11Tire Composition
12Possible Injection Points
13TDF Injection Systems
14Environmental Record
- Historical use and extensive studies have shown
that TDF can be safely used as a fuel in the
manufacture of cement
15Typical emission data
Ex. Result of test data
16Environmental Record
- In 1997, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) conducted an extensive study of emissions
from combustors that have used tire-derived fuel
TDF (simulator and 22 industrial facilities). - Conclusion In general, the results indicated
that properly designed existing solid fuel
combustors can supplement their normal fuel with
10 to 20 TDF and still satisfy environmental
compliance emissions limits. - Reference - Joel I. Reisman, Air Emissions from
Scrap Tire Combustion, EPA Contact No. 68-D30035.
E.H. Pechan Associates, October 1997.
17Environmental Record
Typical cement kiln emission data
- Reference - Joel I. Reisman, Air Emissions from
Scrap Tire Combustion, - EPA Contact No. 68-D30035. E.H. Pechan
Associates, October 1997.
18Environmental Record
- A report by the TNRCC dated March 2001, stated
that the TNRCC believes scientific evidence has
demonstrated that tires can be safely burned for
fuel provided proper emission control devices are
used. - The report goes on to conclude that TDF can be
burned in an environmentally sound manner, with
overall emissions consistent with the burning of
coal. - Reference - Texas Natural Resource Conservation
Commission (TNRCC), Air Emissions Associated with
the Burning of Tire-Derived Fuel, March 2001.
19Environmental Record
20Scrap Tire Use in the U.S. - 2003
Source US Scrap Tires Market 2003 Edition,
Rubber Manufacturers Association.
21Scrap Tire Use in Canada - 2003
Source Canadian Association of Tire Recycling
Agencies
22TDF Use in North America
- 2003 there were 43 facilities (65 cement kilns)
using TDF - 6 more being permitted in 2004
- 4- 6 more planned in 2005
23Regulatory Outlook
- Positive based on experience and good scientific
evidence from extensive studies - Strong support from EPA and other regulators
- Communities and the general public need to be
convinced - NIMBY issue
24Conclusion
- Use of scrap tires in a cement kiln is a
regulatory accepted practice throughout the world - Use in cement kilns continues to grow
- Use results in no net increase of direct
emissions - Use reduces potential environmental risk in
comparison to land filling - Proven safe and cost-effective method of reuse