Title: The Cold War Foreign
1The Cold WarForeign Domestic
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3Dwight D. Eisenhower
- Foreign Policy
- Expanded NATO to include West Germany (1955)
- Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (1954)
- Central Treaty Organization (1959)
- Arms limitation
- Open Skies proposal, 1955
- Khrushchev
4Focus of Cold War shifted to Third WorldUse of
CIA covert action around the world
- Latin America
- Talked of supporting democracy
- Regularly supported dictatorial regimes so long
as they accepted U.S. investment - Caused resentment among Latin Americans
- Over throw of Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954
- Arbenz was popularly elected, then nationalized
the land - United Fruit Company and the Dulles brothers
- Cuba situation demonstrated anti-American
sentiment - Egypt
- Rise of Gamal Abdel Nasser
- Call for Arab nationalism and positive
neutralism - Nationalization of Suez Canal, 1956
- Caused U.S. rift with Britain
- Loss of U.S. prestige and Power in Middle east
5Focus of Cold War shifted to Third WorldUse of
CIA covert action around the world
- Middle East
- Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957
- Defense of Middle Eastern countries against
international communism - Followed up with intervention in Lebanon and
Jordan - Overthrow of Mossadeq in Iran, placing Reza Shah
Pahlavi - Vietnam
- Drive for independence under way after World War
II - French decided to withdraw in 1954 Dien Bien
Phu - Geneva Peace Accords
- Temporary division in North and South Vietnam
- Eventual elections for reunification
- Administration belief in domino theory
- Provided aid to government in south Vietnam
- Feared the loss of another Asian nation to
communism
6The Fight Against Discrimination
- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)
- School segregation violated constitutional
guarantee of equal protection under the law - Implied that all segregated public facilities
were unconstitutional - Race could no longer be treated as simply a
regional issue - South becoming more like rest of the country
- Racial composition of rest of country becoming
more like South - Segregationists promised massive resistance to
Brown - Violence, vigilantism, terror became rampant
- Montgomery bus boycott, 1955-56
7The Fight Against Discrimination (cont.)
- Vaulted Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. into
national prominence - Spurred creation of Southern Christian Leadership
Conference - Civil Rights Act of 1957
- procedure to expedite lawsuits by African
Americans who claimed their voting rights had
been violated - Created permanent Civil Rights Commission to hear
complaints - Politics of civil rights
- Southern Democrats in Congress tried to block
real action on civil rights - Southern states defied Brown order on school
desegregation - Eisenhower forced to act in Little Rock crisis,
1957
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9John F. KennedyForeign Policy
- Dramatic Initiatives
- Peace Corps
- Alliance for Progress
- Cuba
- Bay of Pigs, April 1961
- Operation Mongoose- CIA plan to overthrow Castro
in Cuba - Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962
- Berlin
- Berlin Wall constructed, August 1961
- Southeast Asia
- Goal to build South Vietnam into a viable
non-Communist state - Test case for flexible response
- Coup against Ngo Dinh Diem, November 1963
10Kennedy in Iraq
- In 1963, the Kennedy administration backed a coup
against the government of Iraq headed by General
Abdel Karim Kassem, who five years earlier had
deposed the Western-allied Iraqi monarchy. The
CIA helped the new Baath Party government led by
Abdul Salam Arif in ridding the country of
suspected leftists and Communists. In a Baathist
bloodbath, the government used lists of suspected
Communists and other leftists provided by the
CIA, to systematically murder untold numbers of
Iraq's educated elite killings in which Saddam
Hussein himself is said to have participated.
11Kennedys Domestic Policy
- General policymaking goals
- Tax cuts for everyone, special cuts for
corporations - Higher minimum wage and urban renewal
- Crusade against organized crime (Robert Kennedy)
- Civil Rights
- Concerned about Southern conservatives
- Initially, did nothing on civil rights front
- Sit-in movement, early 1960
- Freedom rides, 1961
- Forced to send marshals to protect riders
- Universities of Mississippi and Alabama
- Forced to intervene to protect black students
- Executive order banning segregation in public
housing, November 1952
12Kennedys Domestic Policy (cont.)
- Moderate civil rights bill, February 1963
- Called to action by violence in Birmingham,
Spring of 1963 - Support for stronger civil rights bill
- March on Washington, August 1963
- Womens issues
- Presidential Commission on the Status of women
- Documented discrimination in employment
opportunities and wages - Equal Pay Act of 1963
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14LBJs Foreign Policy
- Tonkin Gulf Resolution
- Stemmed from confusing events in August, 1964
- Became justification for concerted U.S.
involvement - Resolution in Congress
- All necessary measures to repel armed attack
- Johnson used as tantamount to congressional
declaration of war - Debate over extent of American involvement within
administration
15LBJs Domestic Policy
- Civil Rights
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
- Prohibited racial discrimination in public
accommodations associated with interstate
commerce - Mississippi Freedom Summer
- Freedom Democratic Party
16Great Society
- Fulfillment of dreams of Johnsons Democratic
predecessors - Medical care for the elderly and low-income
citizens (Medicare and Medicaid) - Created Department of Housing and Urban
development - Voting Rights Act of 1965
- Heartened Johnsons supporters and appalled his
critics - Goal was to help people fight their own way out
of economic distress
17Evaluating the Great society
- Rekindled debates about proper role of national
government - Raised expectations that could not be met
- Conservatives have been unrelentingly critical
- Leftists lamented failure to challenge the
prevailing distribution of political power and
wealth in order to reduce poverty - Agreement that Great Society left its mark
- First significant outlay of federal dollars for
social programs since New Deal - Significantly expanded reach of welfare state
18From Civil Rights to Black Power
- Watts riots, 1965
- Malcolm X and Black Power
- Initially affiliated with Nation of Islam
- Integration was unworkable
- Self-defense By any means necessary
- Renewed pride in African-American heritage
- Vigorous efforts at community reconstruction
- Organized Organization of Afro-American Unity
after breaking with Nation of Islam - Murdered in 1965 by enemies of Nation of Islam
- Black Panthers
- Criticized slow pace of civil rights litigation
- Preached confrontation and self-defense
- Civil Rights Act of 1968
- Fair housing provision watered down to protect
landlords and real estate agents - Federal offense to cross state lines in order to
incite a riot - Directly aimed at Black Panthers
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20Richard Millhouse Nixon
- Nixons Economic Program
- Two decades of economic growth came to an end
during Nixon presidency - Inherited high levels of domestic spending, and
expensive war in Vietnam, and the deteriorating,
but still favorable balance of trade - Soaring unemployment and price inflation
- What economists came to call stagflation
- Nation ran its first trade deficit of the
twentieth century in 1971 - New Economy policy
- 90 day freeze on wages and prices
- Subsequent government monitoring to detect
excessive increases in either
21Nixons Social Policy
- Family Assistance Plan
- Abolish other welfare programs, including AFDC
- Institute a guaranteed annual income for all
families - End Post-New Deal system of aid to those in
particular circumstances - Provide aid to everyone
- Not implemented
- New federalism plan to return federal tax money
to the states in the form of black grants with
virtually no restrictions - Supplementary Social Security Insurance for the
elderly, blind, and disabled - Gradual expansion of Medicare and Medicaid
- Social Security payments indexed to inflation in
1972
22Foreign Policy Under Nixon
- Key Advisor was Henry Kissinger, national
security advisor - Détente as major foreign policy goal
- Strategic Arms Limitation Talks with Soviet Union
- Opening toward China
- Vietamization
- Withdrawal of U.S. troops
- Stepping up of air war and intensifying
diplomatic efforts to reach settlement - Nixon Doctrine
- U.s. Military assistance to anticommunist
government in Asia - Nations left to provide their own military forces
23Foreign Policy Under Nixon (cont.)
- Withdraw U.S. troops but not accept compromise or
defeat - Adhered to bombing halt over North
- New operations in South
- Incursion into neutral Cambodia
- Spurred opposition at home
- Kent State and Jackson State
- Contributed top rise of Khmer Rouge
24End of U.S. involvement in Vietnam
- Secret war protected in Laos and Cambodia after
1970 - Peace talks in Paris proceeded as war was
actually expanding - Communists within 30 miles of Saigon in the
Spring of 1972 - Nixon responded with resumption of bombing and
mining of harbors in North - Cease-fire announced weeks before 1972 election
- After election, U.S. firepower increased
dramatically - Christmas bombing
- Paris Peace Accords, 1973
- Withdrawal of U.S. troops
- South Vietnamese discontinued to fight
- Collapsed in April 1973
25Watergate
- Caused collapse of Nixons presidency stemmed
from Nixons deep mistrust for nearly everyone
in Washington - Established plumbers unit to protect
administration from enemies - Funded by illegal campaign contributions
- Broke into Democratic Partys headquarters during
1972 re-election campaign - Irony is that Nixon won election handily and
didnt need to resort to dirty tricks to win - Administration was involved but denied it and
instituted cover up instead - The press, Congress, and the federal judiciary,
all began searching for the truth - Eventually bits of the truth began trickling out,
and Nixon was implicated in both the original
break in and in the cover up
26Watergate (cont.)
- Nixon continued to deny involvement, even after
discovery of a secret White House taping system
that could implicate him if the tapes were
surrendered to the courts - Supreme Court ruled unanimously in U.S.v. Nixon
that he had to give them up - House Judiciary Committee voted three articles of
impeachment - Obstruction of Justice, violation of
constitutional liberties, refusal to produce
evidenced requested during the impeachment
process - In the end, Nixon chose to resign rather than
face trial by the senate - Left office in disgrace on August 9, 1974,
succeeded by Gerald Ford - Received an unconditional pardon by Ford
- Public knowledge and understanding of Watergate
not high today
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28Jimmy Carter
- Social Activism Womens Issues
- Old ideas of domesticity clashed with realities
women found themselves in - Gender issues came to pervade civil rights and
antiwar movements - Women often found traditional sexism among male
leaders - Consciousness raising sessions during 1970s
- Intertwining of political and personal power
issues - Womens movement became highly diverse
- Pursued variety of goals
- Utilized variety of strategies
29Social Activism Sexual Politics
- Gender/sexuality debates divided over issues
involving gays and lesbians - Stonewall Inn, 1969
- Turning point for gay rights movement
- AIDS crisis
- Medical and political issue
- Early research was insignificant
- Gays in the military controversy, 1992
- Dont ask, dont tell policy
30Carters Domestic Policy
- Welfare initiatives
- Requested additional cash assistance and more
jobs for the needy - Failed to win congressional approval
- Energy initiatives
- Ambitious energy program, pursued unilaterally
- Decrease reliance on foreign oil and natural gas
- Expand domestic energy production
- Discourage gasoline use through new taxes
- Encourage energy-saving measures to foster
conservatism - Promote non-Petroleum energy sources
- Congress rejected
- Economic initiatives
- Ambitious economic agenda
- Lower unemployment and inflation
- Stimulate greater economic growth
- Balance federal budget
- Failed to accomplish any of his goals
- Economic crisis affected cities and urban areas
as well
31Jimmy Carters Foreign Policies
- Amnesty for Vietnam War draft resisters
- Panama Canal treaties
- Camp David peace accords
- Concern for human rights
- Best known feature of Carters foreign policy
- Helped to trigger trend toward democratization in
1980s and 1990s - Immediate impact was ambiguous
- Crisis in Iran, November 1979
- Hostage situation at U.S. Embassy in Tehran
- Despite constant attention, Carter unable to
resolve the situation - Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, December 1979
- Series of ineffectual, non-Military responses
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33The New Right
- Neo-Conservatives and new conservative
institutions - American Enterprise Institute
- Heritage Foundation
- Committee on the Present Danger
- The New Religious Right
- Fundamentalist and evangelical support
- The Conservative political agenda
- National Conservative Political Action committee
(NCPAC) - Conservative caucus
- Committee for the Survival of a Free Congress
- Moral Majority
- The New Religious Right and the media
- Cable television reached huge,receptive audiences
34Ronald Reagans Domestic Policy
- Pursuing supply-side economics
- Justified tax cuts for wealthy by saying they
would stimulate growth - Period of non-inflationary growth, 1982-1986
- Unemployment remained high
- High government spending resulted huge federal
deficits - Borrowed abroad and piled up largest foreign debt
in the world - Economic benefits unevenly distributed throughout
society - Underclass especially hurt
35Regans Foreign Policy
- Renewed Cold War
- Dramatic increased in defense spending
- Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) or Star Wars
- International Offensive abroad
- Funded various conservative groups abroad
- Radio Mart to Cuba
- CIA activities
- Aid to anti-Communist forces in Afghanistan
- Funding for contras in Nicaragua
- General funding for opposition movements in
countries aligned with the soviet Union - Willingness to use U.S. Military power
- Lebanon, 1982
- Grenada, 1983
36Iran-Contra Affair
- U.S. aid for contras blocked by
Democratic-controlled Congress in 1984- Bolland
Amendment - Circumvent by having wealthy conservatives and
other countries provide aid - Against backdrop of violence and kidnappings of
Americans and other westerners in Middle East - Administration sold arms to Iran in exchange for
help in winning release of captives - Flew in face of stated policy of not rewarding
captors - Then funneled profits to contras as way of
getting around congressional ban - Caused public outcry and violation of Bolland
Amendment - Investigators unable to paint as serious
constitutional crisis - Oliver North
37US Soviet Relations
- Thaw in U.S. Soviet relations after 1985
- Role of Mikhail Gorbachev
- Glasnost and perestroika
- Loosened Moscows grip on Soviet Empire
- Reykjavik summit, October 1986
- Reagan plan for wholesale ban on nuclear weapons
- SALT II not ratified
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39George HW BushPersian Gulf War
- Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, August 1990
- Operation Desert Shield
- UN action against Iraq
- Launched military offensive in January 1991
- Stopped short of removing Saddam Hussein,
something the UN had not authorized - Temporarily boosted Bushs popularity
- Administration not very successful in setting
post-Cold war diplomatic goals - Mixed foreign policy legacy
40End of Cold War
- Began in Poland in 1989
- One by one, nations of Eastern Europe overthrew
their Communist governments - Provinces that comprised the Soviet Union also
declared independence - Global economy
- Administration pushed for economic liberalization
- Redefinition of national Security
- Help to bring democracy to Nicaragua, El
Salvador, Guatemala - Overthrow of Manuel Noriega in Panama, December
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